Articles

Incentivizing appropriate malaria case management in the private sector: a study protocol for two linked cluster randomized controlled trials to evaluate provider- and client-focused interventions in western Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria

A large proportion of artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT) anti-malarial medicines is consumed by individuals that do not have malaria. The over-consumption of ACTs is largely driven by retail sales in high m...

Authors: Aaron M. Woolsey, Ryan A. Simmons, Meley Woldeghebriel, Yunji Zhou, Oluwatosin Ogunsola, Sarah Laing, Tayo Olaleye, Joseph Kipkoech, Bomar Mendez Rojas, Indrani Saran, Mercy Odhiambo, Josephine Malinga, George Ambani, Emmah Kimachas, Chizoba Fashanu, Owens Wiwa…

Determinants of using children’s mental health research in policymaking: variation by type of research use and phase of policy process

Research use in policymaking is multi-faceted and has been the focus of extensive study. However, virtually no quantitative studies have examined whether the determinants of research use vary according to the ...

Authors: Jonathan Purtle, Katherine L. Nelson, Sarah Mc Cue Horwitz, Mary M. McKay and Kimberly E. Hoagwood

Context-acceptability theories: example of family planning interventions in five African countries

Family planning (FP) can lengthen birth intervals and potentially reduce the risk of foetal death, low birthweight, prematurity, and being small for gestational age. Effective FP is most easily achieved throug...

Authors: Jayne Webster, Shari Krishnaratne, Jenna Hoyt, Shiferaw Dechasa Demissie, Nathaly Spilotros, Justine Landegger, Misozi Kambanje, Shannon Pryor, Easterlina Moseti, Seth Marcus, Marius Gnintoungbe, Dora Curry and Jessie K. Hamon

Correction to: Coincidence analysis: a new method for causal inference in implementation science

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Rebecca Garr Whitaker, Nina Sperber, Michael Baumgartner, Alrik Thiem, Deborah Cragun, Laura Damschroder, Edward J. Miech, Alecia Slade and Sarah Birken

The reporting checklist for public versions of guidelines: RIGHT-PVG

Public or patient versions of guidelines (PVGs) are derivative documents that “translate” recommendations and their rationale from clinical guidelines for health professionals into a more easily understandable...

Authors: Xiaoqin Wang, Yaolong Chen, Elie A. Akl, Ružica Tokalić, Ana Marušić, Amir Qaseem, Yngve Falck-Ytter, Myeong Soo Lee, Madelin Siedler, Sarah L. Barber, Mingming Zhang, Edwin S. Y. Chan, Janne Estill, Joey S. W. Kwong, Akiko Okumura, Qi Zhou…

Rationale and design of the Novel Uses of adaptive Designs to Guide provider Engagement in Electronic Health Records (NUDGE-EHR) pragmatic adaptive randomized trial: a trial protocol

The prescribing of high-risk medications to older adults remains extremely common and results in potentially avoidable health consequences. Efforts to reduce prescribing have had limited success, in part becau...

Authors: Julie C. Lauffenburger, Thomas Isaac, Lorenzo Trippa, Punam Keller, Ted Robertson, Robert J. Glynn, Thomas D. Sequist, Dae H. Kim, Constance P. Fontanet, Edward W. B. Castonguay, Nancy Haff, Renee A. Barlev, Mufaddal Mahesri, Chandrashekar Gopalakrishnan and Niteesh K. Choudhry

How effective are social norms interventions in changing the clinical behaviours of healthcare workers? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Healthcare workers perform clinical behaviours which impact on patient diagnoses, care, treatment and recovery. Some methods of supporting healthcare workers in changing their behaviour make use of social norm...

Authors: Mei Yee Tang, Sarah Rhodes, Rachael Powell, Laura McGowan, Elizabeth Howarth, Benjamin Brown and Sarah Cotterill

Designing provider-focused implementation trials with purpose and intent: introducing the PRECIS-2-PS tool

First articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch (1967), randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can be conceptualized along a continuum from more explanatory to more pragmatic. The purpose and intent of the former is t...

Authors: Wynne E. Norton, Kirsty Loudon, David A. Chambers and Merrick Zwarenstein

Factors influencing the implementation of screening and brief interventions for alcohol use in primary care practices: a systematic review using the COM-B system and Theoretical Domains Framework

Alcohol is a leading risk factor contributing to the global burden of disease. Several national and international agencies recommend that screening and brief interventions (SBI) should be routinely delivered i...

Authors: Frederico Rosário, Maria Inês Santos, Kathryn Angus, Leo Pas, Cristina Ribeiro and Niamh Fitzgerald

A facilitation model for implementing quality improvement practices to enhance outpatient substance use disorder treatment outcomes: a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial study protocol

The misuse of and addiction to opioids is a national crisis that affects public health as well as social and economic welfare. There is an urgent need for strategies to improve opioid use disorder treatment qu...

Authors: Megan A. O’Grady, Patricia Lincourt, Belinda Greenfield, Marc W. Manseau, Shazia Hussain, Kamala Greene Genece and Charles J. Neighbors

Effect of collaborative quality improvement on stillbirths, neonatal mortality and newborn care practices in hospitals of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India: evidence from a quasi-experimental mixed-methods study

Improving quality of care is a key priority to reduce neonatal mortality and stillbirths. The Safe Care, Saving Lives programme aimed to improve care in newborn care units and labour wards of 60 public and pri...

Authors: Karen Zamboni, Samiksha Singh, Mukta Tyagi, Zelee Hill, Claudia Hanson and Joanna Schellenberg

Protocol for a hybrid type 2 cluster randomized trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and a pragmatic individual-level implementation strategy

More than two-thirds of youth experience trauma during childhood, and up to 1 in 5 of these youth develops posttraumatic stress symptoms that significantly impair their functioning. Although trauma-focused cog...

Authors: Aaron R. Lyon, Michael D. Pullmann, Shannon Dorsey, Carol Levin, Larissa M. Gaias, Stephanie K. Brewer, Madeline Larson, Catherine M. Corbin, Chayna Davis, Ian Muse, Mahima Joshi, Rosemary Reyes, Nathaniel J. Jungbluth, Rachel Barrett, David Hong, Michael D. Gomez…

Protocol: mixed-methods study of how implementation of US state medical cannabis laws affects treatment of chronic non-cancer pain and adverse opioid outcomes

Thirty-three US states and Washington, D.C., have enacted medical cannabis laws allowing patients with chronic non-cancer pain to use cannabis, when recommended by a physician, to manage their condition. Howev...

Authors: Emma E. McGinty, Kayla N. Tormohlen, Colleen L. Barry, Mark C. Bicket, Lainie Rutkow and Elizabeth A. Stuart

Economic evaluation of a web-based menu planning intervention to improve childcare service adherence with dietary guidelines

Despite the known benefits of healthy eating in childhood, few Australian childcare services provide food that is consistent with dietary guidelines. The effectiveness of a web-based menu planning intervention...

Authors: Penny Reeves, Kim Edmunds, Zoe Szewczyk, Alice Grady, Sze Lin Yoong, Luke Wolfenden, Rebecca Wyse, Meghan Finch, Fiona Stacey, John Wiggers and Andrew Searles

Proceedings of the Virtual 3^rd UK Implementation Science Research Conference

Authors: Noura Bawab, Joanna C. Moullin, Olivier Bugnon, Clémence Perraudin, April Morrow, Priscilla Chan, Emily Hogden, Natalie Taylor, Mark Pearson, Daniele Carrieri, Karen Mattick, Chrysanthi Papoutsi, Simon Briscoe, Geoff Wong, Mark Jackson, Alita Rushton…

Cost-effectiveness of the Adaptive Implementation of Effective Programs Trial (ADEPT): approaches to adopting implementation strategies

Theory-based methods to support the uptake of evidence-based practices (EBPs) are critical to improving mental health outcomes. Implementation strategy costs can be substantial, and few have been rigorously ev...

Authors: Andria B. Eisman, David W. Hutton, Lisa A. Prosser, Shawna N. Smith and Amy M. Kilbourne

Coincidence analysis: a new method for causal inference in implementation science

Implementation of multifaceted interventions typically involves many diverse elements working together in interrelated ways, including intervention components, implementation strategies, and features of local ...

Authors: Rebecca Garr Whitaker, Nina Sperber, Michael Baumgartner, Alrik Thiem, Deborah Cragun, Laura Damschroder, Edward J. Miech, Alecia Slade and Sarah Birken

Impact of a tuberculosis treatment adherence intervention versus usual care on treatment completion rates: results of a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial

With the global shortage of skilled health workers estimated at 7.2 million, outpatient tuberculosis (TB) care is commonly task-shifted to lay health workers (LHWs) in many low- and middle-income countries whe...

Authors: Lisa M. Puchalski Ritchie, Monique van Lettow, Austine Makwakwa, Ester C. Kip, Sharon E. Straus, Harry Kawonga, Jemila S. Hamid, Gerald Lebovic, Kevin E. Thorpe, Merrick Zwarenstein, Michael J. Schull, Adrienne K. Chan, Alexandra Martiniuk and Vanessa van Schoor

Barriers and facilitators of implementation of a community cardiovascular disease prevention programme in Mukono and Buikwe districts in Uganda using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

In low- and middle-income countries, there is an increasing attention towards community approaches to deal with the growing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have explored the implem...

Authors: Rawlance Ndejjo, Rhoda K. Wanyenze, Fred Nuwaha, Hilde Bastiaens and Geofrey Musinguzi

Advancing clinical leadership to improve the implementation of evidence-based practice in surgery: a longitudinal mixed-method study protocol

Clinical leadership is fundamental in facilitating service improvements in healthcare. Few studies have attempted to understand or model the different approaches to leadership which are used when promoting the...

Authors: Amy Grove, Aileen Clarke, Graeme Currie, Andy Metcalfe, Catherine Pope and Kate Seers

Integrating implementation science in clinical research to maximize public health impact: a call for the reporting and alignment of implementation strategy use with implementation outcomes in clinical research

Although comprehensive reporting guidelines for implementation strategy use within implementation research exist, they are rarely used by clinical (i.e., efficacy and effectiveness) researchers. In this debate...

Authors: Brittany N. Rudd, Molly Davis and Rinad S. Beidas

Improving case detection of tuberculosis in hospitalised Kenyan children—employing the behaviour change wheel to aid intervention design and implementation

The true burden of tuberculosis in children remains unknown, but approximately 65% go undetected each year. Guidelines for tuberculosis clinical decision-making are in place in Kenya, and the National Tubercul...

Authors: Jacquie Narotso Oliwa, Jacinta Nzinga, Enos Masini, Michaël Boele van Hensbroek, Caroline Jones, Mike English and Anja van’t Hoog

Factors affecting the use of clinical practice guidelines by hospital physicians: the interplay of IT infrastructure and physician attitudes

Compliance with clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) remains insufficient around the world, despite frequent updates and continuing efforts to disseminate and implement these guidelines through a variety of str...

Authors: Noriko Sasaki, Naohito Yamaguchi, Akiko Okumura, Masahiro Yoshida, Hiroyuki Sugawara, Jung-ho Shin, Susumu Kunisawa and Yuichi Imanaka

Clinical decision support improves the appropriateness of laboratory test ordering in primary care without increasing diagnostic error: the ELMO cluster randomized trial

Inappropriate laboratory test ordering poses an important burden for healthcare. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have been cited as promising tools to improve laboratory test ordering behavior. The ob...

Authors: Nicolas Delvaux, Veerle Piessens, Tine De Burghgraeve, Pavlos Mamouris, Bert Vaes, Robert Vander Stichele, Hanne Cloetens, Josse Thomas, Dirk Ramaekers, An De Sutter and Bert Aertgeerts

Process evaluation of an implementation trial to improve the triage, treatment and transfer of stroke patients in emergency departments (T³ trial): a qualitative study

The implementation of evidence-based protocols for stroke management in the emergency department (ED) for the appropriate triage, administration of tissue plasminogen activator to eligible patients, management...

Authors: Elizabeth McInnes, Simeon Dale, Louise Craig, Rosemary Phillips, Oyebola Fasugba, Verena Schadewaldt, N. Wah Cheung, Dominique A. Cadilhac, Jeremy M. Grimshaw, Chris Levi, Julie Considine, Patrick McElduff, Richard Gerraty, Mark Fitzgerald, Jeanette Ward, Catherine D’Este…

Effectiveness of interventions to improve rates of intravenous thrombolysis using behaviour change wheel functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Despite being one of the few evidence-based treatments for acute ischemic stroke, intravenous thrombolysis has low implementation rates—mainly due to a narrow therapeutic window and the health system changes r...

Authors: Md Golam Hasnain, John R. Attia, Shahinoor Akter, Tabassum Rahman, Alix Hall, Isobel J. Hubbard, Christopher R. Levi and Christine L. Paul

Building capacity in dissemination and implementation science: a systematic review of the academic literature on teaching and training initiatives

The field of dissemination and implementation (D&I) science has grown significantly over recent years. Alongside this, an increased demand for training in D&I from researchers and implementers has been seen. R...

Authors: Rachel Davis and Danielle D’Lima

Implementing a multilevel intervention to accelerate colorectal cancer screening and follow-up in federally qualified health centers using a stepped wedge design: a study protocol

Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) not only detects disease early when treatment is more effective but also prevents cancer by finding and removing precancerous polyps. Because many of our nation’s most dis...

Authors: Karen Kim, Blasé Polite, Donald Hedeker, David Liebovitz, Fornessa Randal, Manasi Jayaprakash, Michael Quinn, Sang Mee Lee and Helen Lam

Understanding the uptake of a clinical innovation for osteoarthritis in primary care: a qualitative study of knowledge mobilisation using the i-PARIHS framework

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of pain and disability worldwide. Despite research supporting best practice, evidence-based guidelines are often not followed. Little is known about the implementation of non-...

Authors: Laura Swaithes, Krysia Dziedzic, Andrew Finney, Elizabeth Cottrell, Clare Jinks, Christian Mallen, Graeme Currie and Zoe Paskins

NIATx-TI versus typical product training on e-health technology implementation: a clustered randomized controlled trial study protocol

Substance use disorders (SUDs) lead to tens-of-thousands of overdose deaths and other forms of preventable deaths in the USA each year. This results in over $500 billion per year in societal and economic costs...

Authors: Veronica M. White, Todd Molfenter, David H. Gustafson, Julie Horst, Rachelle Greller, David H. Gustafson Jr, Jee-Seon Kim, Eric Preuss, Olivia Cody, Praan Pisitthakarm and Alexander Toy

Why do they do it? A grounded theory study of the use of low-value care among primary health care physicians

The use of low-value care (LVC) is widespread and has an impact on both the use of resources and the quality of care. However, few studies have thus far studied the factors influencing the use of LVC from the ...

Authors: Sara Ingvarsson, Hanna Augustsson, Henna Hasson, Per Nilsen, Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz and Mia von Knorring

Getting to implementation: a protocol for a Hybrid III stepped wedge cluster randomized evaluation of using data-driven implementation strategies to improve cirrhosis care for Veterans

Cirrhosis is a rapidly increasing cause of global mortality. To improve cirrhosis care, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) developed the Hepatic Innovation Team (HIT) Collaborative to support VA Medical...

Authors: Shari S. Rogal, Vera Yakovchenko, Timothy Morgan, Jasmohan S. Bajaj, Rachel Gonzalez, Angela Park, Lauren Beste, Edward J. Miech, Carolyn Lamorte, Brittney Neely, Sandra Gibson, Patrick S. Malone, Maggie Chartier, Tamar Taddei, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Byron J. Powell…

Avoiding unnecessary hospitalisation for patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review of implementation determinants for hospital avoidance programmes

Studies of clinical effectiveness have demonstrated the many benefits of programmes that avoid unnecessary hospitalisations. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the factors influencing implementation of the...

Authors: Mitchell Sarkies, Janet C. Long, Chiara Pomare, Wendy Wu, Robyn Clay-Williams, Hoa Mi Nguyen, Emilie Francis-Auton, Johanna Westbrook, Jean-Frédéric Levesque, Diane E. Watson and Jeffrey Braithwaite

Public target interventions to reduce the inappropriate use of medicines or medical procedures: a systematic review

An epidemic of health disorders can be triggered by a collective manifestation of inappropriate behaviors, usually systematically fueled by non-medical factors at the individual and/or societal levels. This st...

Authors: Leesa Lin, Prima Alam, Elizabeth Fearon and James R. Hargreaves

Strategies for effective dissemination of research to United States policymakers: a systematic review

Research has the potential to influence US social policy; however, existing research in this area lacks a coherent message. The Model for Dissemination of Research provides a framework through which to synthes...

Authors: Laura Ellen Ashcraft, Deirdre A. Quinn and Ross C. Brownson

Advancing understanding and identifying strategies for sustaining evidence-based practices: a review of reviews

Implementation science has focused mainly on the initial uptake and use of evidence-based practices (EBPs), with less attention to sustainment—i.e., continuous use of these practices, as intended, over time in...

Authors: Sarah A. Birken, Emily R. Haines, Soohyun Hwang, David A. Chambers, Alicia C. Bunger and Per Nilsen

Lessons learned about the effective operationalization of champions as an implementation strategy: results from a qualitative process evaluation of a pragmatic trial

Though the knowledge base on implementation strategies is growing, much remains unknown about how to most effectively operationalize these strategies in diverse contexts. For example, while evidence shows that...

Authors: Arwen E. Bunce, Inga Gruß, James V. Davis, Stuart Cowburn, Deborah Cohen, Jee Oakley and Rachel Gold

Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2019: where the rubber meets the road: the intersection of research, policy, and practice - part 2

Authors:

Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2019: where the rubber meets the road: the intersection of research, policy, and practice - part 1

Authors: Sara J. Landes, Suzanne E. U. Kerns, Meagan R. Pilar, Callie Walsh-Bailey, Stephanie H. Yu, Y. Vivian Byeon, Margaret E. Crane, Madeline Larson, Heather L. Bullock, Ana A. Baumann, Katherine Anne Comtois, Doyanne Darnell, Shannon Dorsey, Phil Fizur, Cara C. Lewis, Joanna C. Moullin…

Costing the implementation of public health interventions in resource-limited settings: a conceptual framework

Failing to account for the resources required to successfully implement public health interventions can lead to an underestimation of costs and budget impact, optimistic cost-effectiveness estimates, and ultim...

Authors: Hojoon Sohn, Austin Tucker, Olivia Ferguson, Isabella Gomes and David Dowdy

Rugged landscapes: complexity and implementation science

Mis-implementation—defined as failure to successfully implement and continue evidence-based programs—is widespread in public health practice. Yet the causes of this phenomenon are poorly understood.

Authors: Joseph T. Ornstein, Ross A. Hammond, Margaret Padek, Stephanie Mazzucca and Ross C. Brownson

The Implementation Research Logic Model: a method for planning, executing, reporting, and synthesizing implementation projects

Numerous models, frameworks, and theories exist for specific aspects of implementation research, including for determinants, strategies, and outcomes. However, implementation research projects often fail to pr...

Authors: Justin D. Smith, Dennis H. Li and Miriam R. Rafferty

Applying population health approaches to improve safe anticoagulant use in the outpatient setting: the DOAC Dashboard multi-cohort implementation evaluation study protocol

Use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is rapidly growing for treatment of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. However, incorrect dosing of these medications is common and puts patients at risk o...

Authors: Geoffrey D. Barnes, Emily Sippola, Michael Dorsch, Joshua Errickson, Michael Lanham, Arthur Allen, Patrick Spoutz, Anne E. Sales and Jeremy Sussman

From sensitization to adoption? A qualitative study of the implementation of a digitally supported intervention for clinical decision making in polypharmacy

Formative evaluation of the implementation process for a digitally supported intervention in polypharmacy in Germany. Qualitative research was conducted within a cluster randomized controlled trial (C-RCT). It...

Authors: Sara Söling, Juliane Köberlein-Neu, Beate Sigrid Müller, Truc Sophia Dinh, Christiane Muth, Holger Pfaff and Ute Karbach

“All about the money?” A qualitative interview study examining organizational- and system-level characteristics that promote or hinder shared decision-making in cancer care in the United States

Despite decades of ethical, empirical, and policy support, shared decision-making (SDM) has failed to become standard practice in US cancer care. Organizational and health system characteristics appear to cont...

Authors: Isabelle Scholl, Sarah Kobrin and Glyn Elwyn

Assessment of the quality of recommendations from 161 clinical practice guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation–Recommendations Excellence (AGREE-REX) instrument shows there is room for improvement

To assess the quality of recommendations from 161 clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) using AGREE-REX-D (Appraisal of Guidelines REsearch and Evaluation-Recommendations Excellence Draft).

Authors: Ivan D. Florez, Melissa C. Brouwers, Kate Kerkvliet, Karen Spithoff, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Jako Burgers, Francoise Cluzeau, Beatrice Férvers, Ian Graham, Jeremy Grimshaw, Steven Hanna, Monika Kastner, Michelle Kho, Amir Qaseem and Sharon Straus

Examining fidelity in the INFORM trial: a complex team-based behavioral intervention

Fidelity in complex behavioral interventions is underexplored. This study examines the fidelity of the INFORM trial and explores the relationship between fidelity, study arm, and the trial’s primary outcome—ca...

Authors: Liane R. Ginsburg, Matthias Hoben, Adam Easterbrook, Elizabeth Andersen, Ruth A. Anderson, Lisa Cranley, Holly J. Lanham, Peter G. Norton, Lori E. Weeks and Carole A. Estabrooks

Health plan adaptations to a mailed outreach program for colorectal cancer screening among Medicaid and Medicare enrollees: the BeneFIT study

Promoting uptake of evidence-based innovations in healthcare systems requires attention to how innovations are adapted to enhance their fit with a given setting. Little is known about real-world variation in h...

Authors: Gloria D. Coronado, Jennifer L. Schneider, Beverly B. Green, Jennifer K. Coury, Malaika R. Schwartz, Yogini Kulkarni-Sharma and Laura Mae Baldwin

Comparing effects of two higher intensity feedback interventions with simple feedback on improving staff communication in nursing homes—the INFORM cluster-randomized controlled trial

Effective communication among interdisciplinary healthcare teams is essential for quality healthcare, especially in nursing homes (NHs). Care aides provide most direct care in NHs, yet are rarely included in f...

Authors: Matthias Hoben, Liane R. Ginsburg, Adam Easterbrook, Peter G. Norton, Ruth A. Anderson, Elizabeth A. Andersen, Anne-Marie Boström, Lisa A. Cranley, Holly J. Lanham, Lori E. Weeks, Greta G. Cummings, Jayna M. Holroyd-Leduc, Janet E. Squires, Adrian S. Wagg and Carole A. Estabrooks

Incorporators, Early Investors, and Learners: a longitudinal study of organizational adaptation during EBP implementation and sustainment

The majority of literature on evidence-based practice (EBP) adaptation focuses on changes to clinical practices without explicitly addressing how organizations must adapt to accommodate a new EBP. This study e...

Authors: Rebecca Lengnick-Hall, Cathleen E. Willging, Michael S. Hurlburt and Gregory A. Aarons