Articles

Integrating implementation science in clinical research to maximize public health impact: a call for the reporting and alignment of implementation strategy use with implementation outcomes in clinical research

Although comprehensive reporting guidelines for implementation strategy use within implementation research exist, they are rarely used by clinical (i.e., efficacy and effectiveness) researchers. In this debate...

Authors: Brittany N. Rudd, Molly Davis and Rinad S. Beidas

Improving case detection of tuberculosis in hospitalised Kenyan children—employing the behaviour change wheel to aid intervention design and implementation

The true burden of tuberculosis in children remains unknown, but approximately 65% go undetected each year. Guidelines for tuberculosis clinical decision-making are in place in Kenya, and the National Tubercul...

Authors: Jacquie Narotso Oliwa, Jacinta Nzinga, Enos Masini, Michaël Boele van Hensbroek, Caroline Jones, Mike English and Anja van’t Hoog

Factors affecting the use of clinical practice guidelines by hospital physicians: the interplay of IT infrastructure and physician attitudes

Compliance with clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) remains insufficient around the world, despite frequent updates and continuing efforts to disseminate and implement these guidelines through a variety of str...

Authors: Noriko Sasaki, Naohito Yamaguchi, Akiko Okumura, Masahiro Yoshida, Hiroyuki Sugawara, Jung-ho Shin, Susumu Kunisawa and Yuichi Imanaka

Clinical decision support improves the appropriateness of laboratory test ordering in primary care without increasing diagnostic error: the ELMO cluster randomized trial

Inappropriate laboratory test ordering poses an important burden for healthcare. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have been cited as promising tools to improve laboratory test ordering behavior. The ob...

Authors: Nicolas Delvaux, Veerle Piessens, Tine De Burghgraeve, Pavlos Mamouris, Bert Vaes, Robert Vander Stichele, Hanne Cloetens, Josse Thomas, Dirk Ramaekers, An De Sutter and Bert Aertgeerts

Process evaluation of an implementation trial to improve the triage, treatment and transfer of stroke patients in emergency departments (T³ trial): a qualitative study

The implementation of evidence-based protocols for stroke management in the emergency department (ED) for the appropriate triage, administration of tissue plasminogen activator to eligible patients, management...

Authors: Elizabeth McInnes, Simeon Dale, Louise Craig, Rosemary Phillips, Oyebola Fasugba, Verena Schadewaldt, N. Wah Cheung, Dominique A. Cadilhac, Jeremy M. Grimshaw, Chris Levi, Julie Considine, Patrick McElduff, Richard Gerraty, Mark Fitzgerald, Jeanette Ward, Catherine D’Este…

Effectiveness of interventions to improve rates of intravenous thrombolysis using behaviour change wheel functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Despite being one of the few evidence-based treatments for acute ischemic stroke, intravenous thrombolysis has low implementation rates—mainly due to a narrow therapeutic window and the health system changes r...

Authors: Md Golam Hasnain, John R. Attia, Shahinoor Akter, Tabassum Rahman, Alix Hall, Isobel J. Hubbard, Christopher R. Levi and Christine L. Paul

Building capacity in dissemination and implementation science: a systematic review of the academic literature on teaching and training initiatives

The field of dissemination and implementation (D&I) science has grown significantly over recent years. Alongside this, an increased demand for training in D&I from researchers and implementers has been seen. R...

Authors: Rachel Davis and Danielle D’Lima

Implementing a multilevel intervention to accelerate colorectal cancer screening and follow-up in federally qualified health centers using a stepped wedge design: a study protocol

Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) not only detects disease early when treatment is more effective but also prevents cancer by finding and removing precancerous polyps. Because many of our nation’s most dis...

Authors: Karen Kim, Blasé Polite, Donald Hedeker, David Liebovitz, Fornessa Randal, Manasi Jayaprakash, Michael Quinn, Sang Mee Lee and Helen Lam

Understanding the uptake of a clinical innovation for osteoarthritis in primary care: a qualitative study of knowledge mobilisation using the i-PARIHS framework

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of pain and disability worldwide. Despite research supporting best practice, evidence-based guidelines are often not followed. Little is known about the implementation of non-...

Authors: Laura Swaithes, Krysia Dziedzic, Andrew Finney, Elizabeth Cottrell, Clare Jinks, Christian Mallen, Graeme Currie and Zoe Paskins

NIATx-TI versus typical product training on e-health technology implementation: a clustered randomized controlled trial study protocol

Substance use disorders (SUDs) lead to tens-of-thousands of overdose deaths and other forms of preventable deaths in the USA each year. This results in over $500 billion per year in societal and economic costs...

Authors: Veronica M. White, Todd Molfenter, David H. Gustafson, Julie Horst, Rachelle Greller, David H. Gustafson Jr, Jee-Seon Kim, Eric Preuss, Olivia Cody, Praan Pisitthakarm and Alexander Toy

Why do they do it? A grounded theory study of the use of low-value care among primary health care physicians

The use of low-value care (LVC) is widespread and has an impact on both the use of resources and the quality of care. However, few studies have thus far studied the factors influencing the use of LVC from the ...

Authors: Sara Ingvarsson, Hanna Augustsson, Henna Hasson, Per Nilsen, Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz and Mia von Knorring

Getting to implementation: a protocol for a Hybrid III stepped wedge cluster randomized evaluation of using data-driven implementation strategies to improve cirrhosis care for Veterans

Cirrhosis is a rapidly increasing cause of global mortality. To improve cirrhosis care, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) developed the Hepatic Innovation Team (HIT) Collaborative to support VA Medical...

Authors: Shari S. Rogal, Vera Yakovchenko, Timothy Morgan, Jasmohan S. Bajaj, Rachel Gonzalez, Angela Park, Lauren Beste, Edward J. Miech, Carolyn Lamorte, Brittney Neely, Sandra Gibson, Patrick S. Malone, Maggie Chartier, Tamar Taddei, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Byron J. Powell…

Avoiding unnecessary hospitalisation for patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review of implementation determinants for hospital avoidance programmes

Studies of clinical effectiveness have demonstrated the many benefits of programmes that avoid unnecessary hospitalisations. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the factors influencing implementation of the...

Authors: Mitchell Sarkies, Janet C. Long, Chiara Pomare, Wendy Wu, Robyn Clay-Williams, Hoa Mi Nguyen, Emilie Francis-Auton, Johanna Westbrook, Jean-Frédéric Levesque, Diane E. Watson and Jeffrey Braithwaite

Public target interventions to reduce the inappropriate use of medicines or medical procedures: a systematic review

An epidemic of health disorders can be triggered by a collective manifestation of inappropriate behaviors, usually systematically fueled by non-medical factors at the individual and/or societal levels. This st...

Authors: Leesa Lin, Prima Alam, Elizabeth Fearon and James R. Hargreaves

Strategies for effective dissemination of research to United States policymakers: a systematic review

Research has the potential to influence US social policy; however, existing research in this area lacks a coherent message. The Model for Dissemination of Research provides a framework through which to synthes...

Authors: Laura Ellen Ashcraft, Deirdre A. Quinn and Ross C. Brownson

Advancing understanding and identifying strategies for sustaining evidence-based practices: a review of reviews

Implementation science has focused mainly on the initial uptake and use of evidence-based practices (EBPs), with less attention to sustainment—i.e., continuous use of these practices, as intended, over time in...

Authors: Sarah A. Birken, Emily R. Haines, Soohyun Hwang, David A. Chambers, Alicia C. Bunger and Per Nilsen

Lessons learned about the effective operationalization of champions as an implementation strategy: results from a qualitative process evaluation of a pragmatic trial

Though the knowledge base on implementation strategies is growing, much remains unknown about how to most effectively operationalize these strategies in diverse contexts. For example, while evidence shows that...

Authors: Arwen E. Bunce, Inga Gruß, James V. Davis, Stuart Cowburn, Deborah Cohen, Jee Oakley and Rachel Gold

Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2019: where the rubber meets the road: the intersection of research, policy, and practice - part 2

Authors:

Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2019: where the rubber meets the road: the intersection of research, policy, and practice - part 1

Authors: Sara J. Landes, Suzanne E. U. Kerns, Meagan R. Pilar, Callie Walsh-Bailey, Stephanie H. Yu, Y. Vivian Byeon, Margaret E. Crane, Madeline Larson, Heather L. Bullock, Ana A. Baumann, Katherine Anne Comtois, Doyanne Darnell, Shannon Dorsey, Phil Fizur, Cara C. Lewis, Joanna C. Moullin…

Costing the implementation of public health interventions in resource-limited settings: a conceptual framework

Failing to account for the resources required to successfully implement public health interventions can lead to an underestimation of costs and budget impact, optimistic cost-effectiveness estimates, and ultim...

Authors: Hojoon Sohn, Austin Tucker, Olivia Ferguson, Isabella Gomes and David Dowdy

Rugged landscapes: complexity and implementation science

Mis-implementation—defined as failure to successfully implement and continue evidence-based programs—is widespread in public health practice. Yet the causes of this phenomenon are poorly understood.

Authors: Joseph T. Ornstein, Ross A. Hammond, Margaret Padek, Stephanie Mazzucca and Ross C. Brownson

The Implementation Research Logic Model: a method for planning, executing, reporting, and synthesizing implementation projects

Numerous models, frameworks, and theories exist for specific aspects of implementation research, including for determinants, strategies, and outcomes. However, implementation research projects often fail to pr...

Authors: Justin D. Smith, Dennis H. Li and Miriam R. Rafferty

Applying population health approaches to improve safe anticoagulant use in the outpatient setting: the DOAC Dashboard multi-cohort implementation evaluation study protocol

Use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is rapidly growing for treatment of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. However, incorrect dosing of these medications is common and puts patients at risk o...

Authors: Geoffrey D. Barnes, Emily Sippola, Michael Dorsch, Joshua Errickson, Michael Lanham, Arthur Allen, Patrick Spoutz, Anne E. Sales and Jeremy Sussman

From sensitization to adoption? A qualitative study of the implementation of a digitally supported intervention for clinical decision making in polypharmacy

Formative evaluation of the implementation process for a digitally supported intervention in polypharmacy in Germany. Qualitative research was conducted within a cluster randomized controlled trial (C-RCT). It...

Authors: Sara Söling, Juliane Köberlein-Neu, Beate Sigrid Müller, Truc Sophia Dinh, Christiane Muth, Holger Pfaff and Ute Karbach

“All about the money?” A qualitative interview study examining organizational- and system-level characteristics that promote or hinder shared decision-making in cancer care in the United States

Despite decades of ethical, empirical, and policy support, shared decision-making (SDM) has failed to become standard practice in US cancer care. Organizational and health system characteristics appear to cont...

Authors: Isabelle Scholl, Sarah Kobrin and Glyn Elwyn

Assessment of the quality of recommendations from 161 clinical practice guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation–Recommendations Excellence (AGREE-REX) instrument shows there is room for improvement

To assess the quality of recommendations from 161 clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) using AGREE-REX-D (Appraisal of Guidelines REsearch and Evaluation-Recommendations Excellence Draft).

Authors: Ivan D. Florez, Melissa C. Brouwers, Kate Kerkvliet, Karen Spithoff, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Jako Burgers, Francoise Cluzeau, Beatrice Férvers, Ian Graham, Jeremy Grimshaw, Steven Hanna, Monika Kastner, Michelle Kho, Amir Qaseem and Sharon Straus

Examining fidelity in the INFORM trial: a complex team-based behavioral intervention

Fidelity in complex behavioral interventions is underexplored. This study examines the fidelity of the INFORM trial and explores the relationship between fidelity, study arm, and the trial’s primary outcome—ca...

Authors: Liane R. Ginsburg, Matthias Hoben, Adam Easterbrook, Elizabeth Andersen, Ruth A. Anderson, Lisa Cranley, Holly J. Lanham, Peter G. Norton, Lori E. Weeks and Carole A. Estabrooks

Health plan adaptations to a mailed outreach program for colorectal cancer screening among Medicaid and Medicare enrollees: the BeneFIT study

Promoting uptake of evidence-based innovations in healthcare systems requires attention to how innovations are adapted to enhance their fit with a given setting. Little is known about real-world variation in h...

Authors: Gloria D. Coronado, Jennifer L. Schneider, Beverly B. Green, Jennifer K. Coury, Malaika R. Schwartz, Yogini Kulkarni-Sharma and Laura Mae Baldwin

Comparing effects of two higher intensity feedback interventions with simple feedback on improving staff communication in nursing homes—the INFORM cluster-randomized controlled trial

Effective communication among interdisciplinary healthcare teams is essential for quality healthcare, especially in nursing homes (NHs). Care aides provide most direct care in NHs, yet are rarely included in f...

Authors: Matthias Hoben, Liane R. Ginsburg, Adam Easterbrook, Peter G. Norton, Ruth A. Anderson, Elizabeth A. Andersen, Anne-Marie Boström, Lisa A. Cranley, Holly J. Lanham, Lori E. Weeks, Greta G. Cummings, Jayna M. Holroyd-Leduc, Janet E. Squires, Adrian S. Wagg and Carole A. Estabrooks

Incorporators, Early Investors, and Learners: a longitudinal study of organizational adaptation during EBP implementation and sustainment

The majority of literature on evidence-based practice (EBP) adaptation focuses on changes to clinical practices without explicitly addressing how organizations must adapt to accommodate a new EBP. This study e...

Authors: Rebecca Lengnick-Hall, Cathleen E. Willging, Michael S. Hurlburt and Gregory A. Aarons

A qualitative assessment of factors influencing implementation and sustainability of evidence-based tobacco use treatment in Vietnam health centers

Effective strategies are needed to increase implementation and sustainability of evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment (TDT) in public health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our two-...

Authors: Nancy VanDevanter, Milkie Vu, Ann Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Hoang Van Minh, Nam Truong Nguyen and Donna R. Shelley

Implementation and evaluation of nonclinical interventions for appropriate use of cesarean section in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a multisite hybrid effectiveness-implementation type III trial

While cesarean sections (CSs) are a life-saving intervention, an increasing number are performed without medical reasons in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Unnecessary CS diverts scarce resources and...

Authors: Alexandre Dumont, Ana Pilar Betrán, Charles Kaboré, Myriam de Loenzien, Pisake Lumbiganon, Meghan A. Bohren, Quoc Nhu Hung Mac, Newton Opiyo, Guillermo Carroli, Kristi Sidney Annerstedt, Valéry Ridde, Ramón Escuriet, Michael Robson and Claudia Hanson

Measurement of sustainment of prevention programs and initiatives: the sustainment measurement system scale

Enhancing the sustainability of evidence-based prevention programs for mental and behavioral health requires tools for measuring both sustainability determinants and sustainment outcomes. The aim of this study...

Authors: Lawrence A. Palinkas, Chih-Ping Chou, Suzanne E. Spear, Sapna J. Mendon, Juan Villamar and C. Hendricks Brown

Adjust your own oxygen mask before helping those around you: an autoethnography of participatory research

There is a need to unpack the empirical, practical, and personal challenges within participatory approaches advocated to optimize implementation. The unpredictable, chaotic nature of participatory approaches c...

Authors: Abby M. Steketee, Thomas G. Archibald and Samantha M. Harden

Examining the effect of the individual characteristics of implementers and the interaction of multiple relationships on the structure of psychosocial intervention teams

Teams’ structure may undergo modifications due to the individual attributes of actors and collective-level variables. This research aims to understand the effect of extensive experience working in the program ...

Authors: Ignacio Ramos-Vidal, Jorge Palacio, Ilse Villamil and Alicia Uribe

The use of the PARIHS framework in implementation research and practice—a citation analysis of the literature

The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework was developed two decades ago and conceptualizes successful implementation (SI) as a function (f) of the evidence (E) natur...

Authors: Anna Bergström, Anna Ehrenberg, Ann Catrine Eldh, Ian D. Graham, Kazuko Gustafsson, Gillian Harvey, Sarah Hunter, Alison Kitson, Jo Rycroft-Malone and Lars Wallin

Towards a taxonomy of behavior change techniques for promoting shared decision making

There is little information about the functions and behavior change techniques (BCTs) needed to implement shared decision making (SDM) in clinical practice. To guide future implementation initiatives, we sough...

Authors: Titilayo Tatiana Agbadjé, Hélène Elidor, Milena Sia Perin, Rhéda Adekpedjou and France Légaré

Implementation outcome instruments for use in physical healthcare settings: a systematic review

Implementation research aims to facilitate the timely and routine implementation and sustainment of evidence-based interventions and services. A glaring gap in this endeavour is the capability of researchers, ...

Authors: Zarnie Khadjesari, Sabah Boufkhed, Silia Vitoratou, Laura Schatte, Alexandra Ziemann, Christina Daskalopoulou, Eleonora Uglik-Marucha, Nick Sevdalis and Louise Hull

Protocol for the 3HP Options Trial: a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness randomized trial of delivery strategies for short-course tuberculosis preventive therapy among people living with HIV in Uganda

Recently, a 3-month (12-dose) regimen of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) was recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ...

Authors: Jillian L. Kadota, Allan Musinguzi, Juliet Nabunje, Fred Welishe, Jackie L. Ssemata, Opira Bishop, Christopher A. Berger, Devika Patel, Amanda Sammann, Anne Katahoire, Payam Nahid, Robert Belknap, Patrick P. J. Phillips, Jennifer Namusobya, Moses Kamya, Margaret A. Handley…

Comparing a standard and tailored approach to scaling up an evidence-based intervention for antiretroviral therapy for people who inject drugs in Vietnam: study protocol for a cluster randomized hybrid type III trial

People who inject drugs (PWID) bear a disproportionate burden of HIV infection and experience poor outcomes. A randomized trial demonstrated the efficacy of an integrated System Navigation and Psychosocial Cou...

Authors: Minh X. B. Nguyen, Anh V. Chu, Byron J. Powell, Ha V. Tran, Long H. Nguyen, An T. M. Dao, Manh D. Pham, Son H. Vo, Ngoc H. Bui, David W. Dowdy, Carl A. Latkin, Kathryn E. Lancaster, Brian W. Pence, Teerada Sripaipan, Irving Hoffman, William C. Miller…

Design and study protocol for a cluster randomized trial of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to increase the uptake of the USPSTF hypertension screening recommendations: the EMBRACE study

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends out-of-office blood pressure (BP) testing to exclude white coat hypertension prior to hypertension diagnosis. Despite improved availability and coverag...

Authors: Nathalie Moise, Erica Phillips, Eileen Carter, Carmela Alcantara, Jacob Julian, Anusorn Thanataveerat, Joseph E. Schwartz, Siqin Ye, Andrea Duran, Daichi Shimbo and Ian M. Kronish

Champions in context: which attributes matter for change efforts in healthcare?

Research to date has focused on strategies and resources used by effective champions of healthcare change efforts, rather than personal characteristics that contribute to their success. We sought to identify a...

Authors: Kirsten Bonawitz, Marisa Wetmore, Michele Heisler, Vanessa K. Dalton, Laura J. Damschroder, Jane Forman, Katie R. Allan and Michelle H. Moniz

Correction to: Development of an intervention to facilitate implementation and uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Fiona Riordan, Emmy Racine, Eunice T. Phillip, Colin Bradley, Fabiana Lorencatto, Mark Murphy, Aileen Murphy, John Browne, Susan M. Smith, Patricia M. Kearney and Sheena M. McHugh

Implementation of family psychosocial risk assessment in pediatric cancer with the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT): study protocol for a cluster-randomized comparative effectiveness trial

Childhood cancer affects and is affected by multiple levels of the social ecology, including social and relational determinants of health (e.g., economic stability, housing, childcare, healthcare access, child...

Authors: Anne E. Kazak, Janet A. Deatrick, Michele A. Scialla, Eric Sandler, Rebecca E. Madden and Lamia P. Barakat

The effects of a prolonged exposure workshop with and without consultation on provider and patient outcomes: a randomized implementation trial

Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is underutilized in the military health system. Standard workshop training in PE may not be sufficie...

Authors: Edna B. Foa, Carmen P. McLean, Lily A. Brown, Yinyin Zang, David Rosenfield, Laurie J. Zandberg, Wayne Ealey, Brenda S. Hanson, Lora Rose Hunter, Ivett J. Lillard, Thomas J. Patterson, Julio Rosado, Valerie Scott, Charles Weber, Joseph E. Wise, Charles D. Zamora…

Protocol: examining the effectiveness of an adaptive implementation intervention to improve uptake of the VA suicide risk identification strategy: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial

In 2018, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) mandated implementation of a national suicide risk identification strategy (Risk ID). The goal of Risk ID is to improve the detection and management of suicide...

Authors: Nazanin H. Bahraini, Bridget B. Matarazzo, Catherine N. Barry, Edward P. Post, Jeri E. Forster, Katherine M. Dollar, Steven K. Dobscha and Lisa A. Brenner

Factors influencing the implementation of cardiovascular risk scoring in primary care: a mixed-method systematic review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as ischemic heart disease and stroke is the leading causes of death and disability globally with a growing burden in low and middle-income countries. A credible way of managin...

Authors: Tonny B. Muthee, Derick Kimathi, Georgia C. Richards, Anthony Etyang, David Nunan, Veronika Williams and Carl Heneghan

Towards a comprehensive model for understanding adaptations’ impact: the model for adaptation design and impact (MADI)

Implementation science is shifting from qualifying adaptations as good or bad towards understanding adaptations and their impact. Existing adaptation classification frameworks are largely descriptive (e.g., wh...

Authors: M. Alexis Kirk, Julia E. Moore, Shannon Wiltsey Stirman and Sarah A. Birken

Establishing cross-systems collaborations for implementation: protocol for a longitudinal mixed methods study

Cross-system interventions can help integrate services across different service delivery systems but require organizations to establish strong collaborative relationships for implementation. Contingency theory...

Authors: Alicia C. Bunger, Emmeline Chuang, Amanda Girth, Kathryn E. Lancaster, Fawn Gadel, Marla Himmeger, Lisa Saldana, Byron J. Powell and Gregory A. Aarons

Reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: a systematic review of barriers and facilitators and strategic behavioural analysis of interventions

Reducing the need for antibiotics is crucial in addressing the global threat of antimicrobial resistance. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most frequent device-related infectio...

Authors: Lou Atkins, Anna Sallis, Tim Chadborn, Karen Shaw, Annegret Schneider, Susan Hopkins, Amanda Bunten, Susan Michie and Fabiana Lorencatto