Table 1 Implementation interventions and approaches used in each study

Types of interventions

n ^a

%

 Opinion leaders

5

14.3

Bittle [62], Bohmer et al. [33], Conley et al. [60], Styer et al. [43], Yuan et al. [44]

 Modelling

4

11.4

Bohmer et al. [33], Conley et al. [60], Haugen et al. [36], Norton and Rangel [45]

 Widespread communication

10

28.6

Bashford et al. [31], Bell and Pontin [57], Berrisford et al. [58], Haugen et al. [36], Haynes et al. [37], Kearns et al. [50], Levy et al. [40], Norton and Rangel [45], Stryer et al. [43], van Klei et al. [61]

 Educational sessions

16

45.7

Askarian et al. [30], Bashford et al. [31], Bliss et al. [32], Bohmer et al. [33], de Vries et al. [34], Gillespie et al. [35], Haugen et al. [36], Haynes et al. [37], Helmio et al. [38], Kwok et al. [39], Levy et al. [40], Anonymous [41], Sparkes and Rylah [42], Styer et al. [43], Kasatpibal et al. [18], Yuan et al. [44]

 Self-assessment

1

2.8

Bashford et al. [31]

 Clinical training

11

31.4

Bashford et al. [31], Berrisford et al. [58], Bittle [62], Calland et al. [47], Haugen et al. [36], Haynes et al. [37], Kwok et al. [39], Norton and Rangel [45], Sewell et al. [53], Vats et al. [54], Yuan et al. [44]

 Audit and feedback

7

20.0

Bashford et al. [31], Berrisford et al. [58], Bittle [62], Bliss et al. [32], Haugen et al. [36], Truran et al. [51], van Klei et al. [37]

 Environmental redesign

1

2.8

Mainthia et al. [46]

 Rewards/incentives

0

0

-

 Coercion

0

0

-

 Restrictions/sanctions

0

0

-

 Performance data

8

22.8

Askarian et al. [30], Berrisford et al. [58], Bliss et al. [32], de Vries et al. [34], Haynes et al. [37], Kwok et al. [39], Sewell et al. [53], Yuan et al. [44]

Approach

 Planned

16

45.7

Askarian et al. [30], Bashford et al. [31], Bell and Pontin [57], Berrisford et al. [58], Bittle [62], Bliss et al. [32], Conley et al. [60], Haugen et al. [36], Haynes et al. [37], Helmio et al. [38], Kwok et al. [39], Norton and Rangel [45], Anonymous [41], Stryer et al. [43], van Klei et al. [61], Yuan et al. [44]

 Limited/none

15

42.8

Bohmer et al. [33], Calland et al. [47], Gillespie et al. [35], Levy et al. [40], Mainthia et al. [46], Pérez-Guisado [48], Sparks and Rylah [42], Takala et al. [49], Kearns et al. [50], Sewell et al. [53], Rydenfalt et al. [52], Truran et al. [51], Vats et al. [54], Vogts et al. [55], Kasatpibal et al. [18]

 Evidence of tailoring

2

5.7

Foucade et al. [63], Russ et al. [64]