Table 2 The operationalization of NPT across the papers included in the review

Mair et al.[28]

NPT

As the literature under study focused on implementation processes rather than outcomes, the authors analyzed the extracted data qualitatively using NPT as a coding framework.

N/A

Blakeman et al.[34]

NPT

NPT provided a framework for generation and analysis of the data.

GPs and practice nurses

Franx et al.[35]

NPT

Related findings to NPT constructs.

Professionals (clinicians, healthcare staff including manager and team co-ordinator).

Ehrlich et al.[36]

Although NPT was the overarching theoretical framework used for the broader series of studies in this project, NPM was used specifically to aid data interpretation and the discussion in this study.

Interpretive analysis of interview data was conducted using NPT to structure data analysis and interpretation.

Professionals (nurses)

Finch et al.[15]

NPT

A 30-item instrument (Technology Adoption Readiness Scale (TARS)) for measuring normalization processes in the context of e-health service interventions was developed on the basis of NPT.

Professionals (First phase authors of published reviews of e-health; second phase nurses, call handlers, health info advisors, nurse advisors and others).

Gallacher et al.[19]

NPT

A secondary analysis of qualitative interview data, using framework analysis, informed by NPT.

Patient

Watson et al.[37]

NPT

All papers were coded using a framework analysis which evaluated the data in two ways using the 10 transition categories and four elements of Normalization Process Theory that are important for successful implementation and integration of healthcare interventions.

N/A

Forster et al.[5]

NPM

Survey and interview questions specific to the project were designed to reflect the four constructs of NPM in the implementation of the new model of care.

Professionals and patients (midwives and women)

Atkins et al.[38]

NPM

Data were analyzed initially using qualitative content analysis. The resulting categories were then organized under the constructs of the NPM.

Professionals and lay workers

Godden and King [29]

NPM

Analysis was supported by NPM. The principles of NPM were used to explore how successful implementation of proposed new technologies could be achieved.

Professionals (GPs, consultants, nurses, and others involved in respiratory care)

James [39]

NPT (Collective Action with an emphasis on Relational Integration and Interaction Workability related dimensions)

Created coding categories that were then examined under headings according to the NPM.

Practitioners and parents

MacFarlane and O’Reilly-de Brún [40]

NPM

The authors describe their actual use of NPM to inform research questions, sampling, coding and data analysis.

Professionals and patients (GPs and patients)

Murray et al.[18]

NPT collective action and its four subcomponents

Data were analyzed using the framework method according to four components of the Collective Action construct of NPT.

Professionals (staff with responsibility for planning and/or executing an e-health initiative—‘implementers’ were defined as any person charged with assisting with the implementation of an e-health system.

Sanders et al.[41]

NPT specific focus on coherence

Semi-structured interviews were organized around the four dimensions of the NPT: The analysis of the second stage interviews identified seven emergent themes, which were mapped onto the ‘Coherence’ construct within the NPT.

Professionals (GPs)

May et al.[30]

NPT

Framework analysis of qualitative data informed by NPT.

Professionals and patients (health professionals, managers, patient, carers, social care professionals and managers, and service suppliers and manufacturers)

May et al.[31]

NPT

Presented NPT to potential and actual users for review.

Professionals

Furler et al.[42]

NPM

Data analysis drew on the NPM in developing initial coding categories.

Professionals and patients (GPs, nurse educators and patients)

Bouamrane et al.[32]

NPT

Review of NPT and use in three e-health supporting case studies.

Professionals and patients (case study one: nurses, doctors, patient advocates, administrators, technologists, researchers)

Spangaro et al.[43]

NPT collective action and its four constructs

NPT was applied to the findings.

Professionals (staff and management)

Kennedy et al.[44]

NPT

NPT provided a framework for development of the intervention. NPT was used to give a focus to discussions and analysis, and reading of the interviews was undertaken in the context of the training observations and from the perspective of NPT.

Professionals (GPs, nurses, practice managers, clerical and reception staff)

Gunn et al.[45]

NPT

NPT identified as an analytical theory to guide the conceptual framework for implementing best practice depression care. Transcripts coded using interpretive framework of NPT.

Professionals (healthcare professionals, including receptionists, practice nurses, dieticians, nurse educators, psychologists and social workers)

Gask et al.[46]

NPM

The authors describe their actual use of NPM to inform research questions, coding, data analysis and interpretation.

Professionals and patients

Murray et al.[33]

NPM

The content of the e-HIT was derived by combining a theoretical framework with a literature review and new empirical data.

E-health experts and implementers

Wilkes and Rubin [47]

NPM

The results of two qualitative studies and two quantitative studies are interpreted by mapping the results to the NPM.

Professionals and patients

Gask et al.[48]

NPM (SSW and CI)

Framework analysis based on NPM. To examine the extent to which clinical governance of mental health care has been normalized within NHS primary care.

Professional – lay informant (clinical governance leads, mangers, audit leads and mental health leads; chief executive, and a lay informant)

Elwyn et al.[49]

NPM

NPM was used as the basis of conceptual analysis to examine the ‘workability’ of decision support technologies in professional-patient interactions. The authors sought to develop and refine the NPM through a concept analysis approach.

Physicians, patients and managers

Mair et al.[50]

NPM

A framework approach to data analysis was used.

Professionals (nurses) and patients

Morriss [51]

NPM

NPM was applied to analyze the NICE guideline recommendations for bipolar disorder.

N/A

May et al.[52]

NPM

Applied the NPM retrospectively to analyze trials of complex interventions in mental health and heart disease.

Professionals and patients