Table 3 Qualitatively summarized results, overall rating, and quality of evidence (GRADE) on internal consistency per instrument
Instrument (reference) | Summarized result on internal consistency (overall rating) | Rating | Quality of evidence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Quality level | Reason | |||
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale: 1. Requirements 0.88–0.94, 2. Appeal 0.72–0.80, 3. Openness 0.73–0.84, 4. Divergence 0.51–0.85 | 1–3: ( +) 4: ( −) | Moderate Moderate | − 1 struc val − 1 struc val | |
Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.77 to 0.92 on the eight new subscales | ( +) | Low | − 2 struc val | |
Cronbach’s alphas range per subscale: 1. Appeal, Fit, Balance and Divergence = 0.61–0.69, 0.62–0.68, 0.64–0.65, and 0.66–0.68. 2. All other subscales > 0.70. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | ||
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale: 1. Attitudes: 0.68–0.83, 2. Practice: 0.74–0.93, 3. Knowledge/skills: 0.90–0.96 | 1: ( +) 2,3: ( +) | Low Moderate | − 1 struc val, − 1 incon − 1 struc val | |
Disagreement about dimensionality between give studies. Results are summarized in subgroups (unidimensional/multifactorial) 1. Unidimensional (single factor): Cronbach’s alpha range = 0.86–0.90 2. Multifactorial (four factors): Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | 1: ( +) 2: (?) | Moderate No grade | − 1 struc val | |
EBP Beliefs- Short [102] | Cronbach’s alpha on scale = 0.89 | ( +) | Low | − 2 Struc val |
Disagreement about dimensionality between four studies. Results are summarized in subgroups (unidimensional/multifactorial) 1. Unidimensional (single factor): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.96 2. Multifactorial (four/five/two factors): Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | 1: ( +) 2: (?) | Low No grade | − 2 struc val | |
EBP Implement- Short [102] | Cronbach’s alpha on scale = 0.81 | ( +) | Low | − 2 Struc val |
Ethiopian EBP Implement [111] | Cronbach’s alpha not reported for each subscale. total scale = 0.83 | (?) | No grade | |
Al Zoubi Questionnaire [62] | Person separation index per subscale: Attitudes = 0.63, Self-efficacy = 0.80, Knowledge = 0.81, Resources = 0.86. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | |
EBPP-S [63] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: 1. Attitudes = 0.89, 2. Knowledge = 0.90, 3. Behavior = 0.83 | 1–3 = ( +) | Low | − 2 struc val |
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale: 1. Decision making = 0.60–0.64, 2. All other subscales > 0.70. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | ||
EPIC [69] | Cronbach’s alpha on scale: 0.89 | ( +) | Low | − 1 Struc val, − 1 RoB |
Cronbach’s alpha range per sample: 1. USA = 0.78–0.80, 2. Korea: 0.65 | 1: ( +) 2: ( −) | High Low | − 1 RoB | |
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale: Familiarity = 0.91–0.92, Attitudes = 0.83–0.90, Feasibility = 0.57–0.63, Intentions = 0.80–0.86, Currently engaged = 0.86–0.87. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | ||
EBPPAS-s [75] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: Familiarity = 0.93, Attitudes = 0.92, Feasibility = 0.74, Currently engaged = 0.91. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | |
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale: identifying the clinical problem = 0.89–0.91, searching for evidence = 0.90–0.96, implementing evidence into practice = 0.93–0.96. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | ||
EBPSE [78] | Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95. Indeterminate rating (?) since no evidence of unidimensionality | (?) | No grade | |
EBP Capability Beliefs [79] | Person separation index = 0.92. Indeterminate rating (?) since no evidence of unidimensionality | (?) | No grade | |
HEAT [80] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: EBP frequency = 0.82, EBP ability = 0.89, EBP desire = 0.92, EBP barriers = 0.80 | ( +) | High | |
EBP-KABQ [81] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: Knowledge = 0.66, Attitude = 0.75, Behavior = 0.77, Outcome = 0.83. Indeterminate rating (?) since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | |
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale: 1. Value = 0.78–0.89, 2. Knowledge = 0.92–0.93, 3. Implement = 0.66–0.91 | 1–2: ( +) 3: ( ±) | Moderate No grade | − 2: Struc val | |
HS-EBP [86] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: Beliefs and attitudes = 0.93, Results from scientific research = 0.96, Development of professional practice = 0.84, Assessment of results = 0.94, Barriers or Facilitators = 0.91 | ( +) | High | |
EBPRS [88] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: Informational needs: 0.85, EBP knowledge: 0.78, EBP attitude: 0.87, Workplace culture: 0.84 | ( +) | High | |
Cronbach’s alpha range per subscale (five-factor model): Relevance: 0.91–0.94, Sympathy: 0.66–0.80, Terminology: 0.94–0.98, Practice: 0.85–0.923, Confidence: 0.93–0.94. Indeterminate (?) rating since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | ||
ISP-D [94] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale (four-factor model): 1. Attitudes = 0.75, 2. Subjective norms = 0.72, 3. Perceived behavioral control = 0.63, 4. Behavioral intention = 0.84 | 1, 2, 4: ( +) 3: ( −) | 1, 2, 4: High 3: High | |
EBNAQ [95] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale (three-factor model): 1. Beliefs and expectations = 0.86, 2. Intention of conduct = 0.63, 3. Feelings toward the EBN = 0.70 | 1, 3: ( +) 2: ( −) | Moderate Moderate | − 1 struc val − 1 struc val |
Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: 1. Attitude toward EBP = 0.888, 2. EBP knowledge = 0.948, 3. EBP skills = 0.817, 4. EBP utilization = 0.840 | (?) | No grade | ||
I-SABE [108] | Cronbach’s alpha per subscale: 1. EBP self-efficacy = 0.76, 2. Behavior = 0.30, 3. Attitudes = 0.64, 4. Results = 0.84. Indeterminate (?) rating since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | |
Noor EBM [109] | Cronbach’s alpha on total scales (not per subscale): 1.Attitude scale = 0.81, 2. Practice scale = 0.84. Indeterminate (?) rating since criteria for sufficient structural validity not met | (?) | No grade | |
EBP-CBFRI [110] | Cronbach’s alpha range on subscales = 0.92–0.95 | ( +) | High | |