A scoping review of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks — an appraisal of purpose, characteristics, usability, applicability, and testability

Table 4 Testability appraisal of TMFs

	Number of TMFs (n = 143)	Example TMFs
Explicit hypothesis, n (%)
Y	27 (20)	[42, 112, 113]
N	115 (80)	-
NA	1	-
Evidence of change mechanism, n (%)
Y	43 (57)	[51, 114, 115]
N	32 (43)	-
NA	68	-
Empirical support, n (%)
Y	108 (76)	[47, 55, 116]
N	35 (24)	-
NA	0	-

ISSN: 1748-5908