Table 1 Definitions of the COM-B constructs and intervention functions as outlined by the Behaviour Change Wheel [7]

  Physical capability

Physical skill, strength, or stamina

  Psychological capability

Knowledge or psychological skills, strength, or stamina to engage in the necessary mental processes

  Physical opportunity

Opportunity afforded by the environment involving time, resources, locations, cues, physical affordance

  Social opportunity

Opportunity afforded by the interpersonal influences, social cues and cultural norms that influence the way that we think about things

  Reflective motivation

Reflective processes involving plans (self-conscious intentions) and evaluations (beliefs about what is good and bad)

  Automatic motivation

Automatic processes involving emotional reactions, desires (wants and needs), impulses, inhibitions, drive states, and reflex responses

  Environmental restructuring

Changing the physical or social context

  Restrictions

Using rules to reduce the opportunity to engage in the target behaviour (or to increase the target behaviour by reducing the opportunity to engage in competing behaviours)

  Education

Increasing knowledge or understanding

  Persuasion

Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings to stimulate action

  Incentivisation

Creating an expectation of reward

  Coercion

Creating an expectation of punishment or cost

  Training

Imparting skills

  Enablement

Increasing means/reducing barriers to increase capability (beyond education and training) or opportunity (beyond environmental restructuring)

  Modeling

Provide an example for people to aspire to or imitate