Table 1 Inclusion criteria

Type of study

Include:

• Randomised or cluster randomised trials

• Non-randomised controlled trials

• Interrupted time-series design

• Controlled before-after studies

• Uncontrolled before-after studies

• Protocols or papers describing interventions

Exclude:

• Non-peer reviewed, unpublished studies

Types of participants

Include:

• Studies that aim to change the behaviour of GPs or emergency department physicians who treat patients with LBP

Exclude:

• Studies aiming to change the behaviour of other health care providers (physiotherapists, chiropractors) using LBP guidelines

• Studies aiming to change the behaviour of GPs or ED physicians treating other patient populations (e.g., arthritis, fibromyalgia, generic chronic pain, neck pain, thoracic spinal pain)

Types of interventions

Include:

• Implementation interventions designed to reduce unnecessary LBP imaging.

Exclude: N/A

Types of outcome measures

We did not include inclusion/exclusion criteria based on outcomes