Table 2 Effect of CDSS on proportion of appropriate tests. All values are absolute differences with 95% confidence intervals unless specified otherwise

Primary outcome (all tests)

0.58 (0.54–0.62)

0.38 (0.34–0.41)

0.21 (0.16–0.26)

< 0.0001

 Check-up

0.26 (0.24–0.28)

0.17 (0.16–0.19)

0.08 (0.06–0.11)

< 0.0001

 Medication follow-up

0.78 (0.75–0.82)

0.74 (0.70–0.78)

0.04 (0.00–0.09)

0.0591

 Cardiovascular disease management

0.41 (0.37–0.45)

0.30 (0.28–0.32)

0.11 (0.07–0.15)

< 0.0001

 Hypertension

0.47 (0.43–0.50)

0.39 (0.35–0.42)

0.08 (0.03–0.12)

0.0007

 Type 2 diabetes

0.51 (0.47–0.54)

0.38 (0.35–0.41)

0.13 (0.08–0.17)

< 0.0001

 Fatigue

0.81 (0.79–0.83)

0.67 (0.64–0.70)

0.14 (0.10–0.17)

< 0.0001

 Anemia

0.82 (0.81–0.84)

0.76 (0.74–0.78)

0.06 (0.03–0.09)

< 0.0001

 Liver disease

0.56 (0.53–0.59)

0.43 (0.39–0.46)

0.13 (0.08–0.18)

< 0.0001

 Gout

0.27 (0.23–0.31)

0.16 (0.14–0.18)

0.11 (0.06–0.16)

< 0.0001

 Chronic kidney disease

0.66 (0.61–0.70)

0.51 (0.46–0.56)

0.14 (0.09–0.20)

< 0.0001

 Acute coronary syndrome

0.06 (0.05–0.07)

0.04 (0.02–0.05)

0.02 (0.01–0.04)

0.0081

 Lung embolism^a

0.06 (0.02–0.10)

0.02 (0.01–0.04)

0.03 (− 0.01–0.08)

0.1608

 Rheumatoid arthritis

0.79 (0.76–0.82)

0.61 (0.56–0.66)

0.18 (0.12–0.24)

< 0.0001

 Thyroid disease

0.50 (0.47–0.54)

0.45 (0.42–0.49)

0.05 (0.01–0.09)

0.0136

 Sexually transmitted infections

0.29 (0.23–0.36)

0.33 (0.27–0.39)

− 0.04 (− 0.13–0.06)

0.4719

 Acute diarrhea

0.54 (0.46–0.62)

0.33 (0.28–0.38)

0.22 (0.10–0.33)

0.0002

 Chronic diarrhea

0.41 (0.34–0.49)

0.25 (0.22–0.29)

0.16 (0.08–0.24)

0.0001