Testing the organizational theory of innovation implementation effectiveness in a community pharmacy medication management program: a hurdle regression analysis

Table 4 Parameter estimates from hurdle regression of NC-CPESN implementation and program reach of NC-CPESN implementation

Characteristics	Equation 1: binary (implementation) AME^a,b (SE)	Equation 2: positives (program reach) AME^a (SE)
Key independent variables
Implementation climate^d	2.65 (1.85 × 10³)^c***	5.05 (1.5)**
Innovation-values fit^d	2.17 (1.041 × 10²)*	11.79 (3.170)***
Patient needs and resources
Rural location	−0.77 (0.016)	− 12.81 (4.658)**
Clinical factors	−0.04 (3 × 10⁴)	− 0.14 (0.11)
Social factors	−0.06 (3 × 10⁴)	− 0.10 (0.10)
340B participation	5.70 (3.50 × 10²)*	12.80 (5.760)*
Proportion of high-risk patients	0.00 (0.00)*	–
Log of high-risk patients	–	(exposure)
Available resources
Presence of a clinical pharmacist	9.86 (4.75 × 10²)*	32.33 (10.670)***
Total number of staff	− 0.31 (2.6 × 10³)	− 1.98 (0.550)***
Presence of pharmacy student or resident	6.86 (6.37 × 10²)	14.55 (7.273)
Access to knowledge about the intervention
Amount of experience with NC-CPESN (months)	0.43 (1.3 × 10³)**	1.57 (0.610)***
Past performance with NC-CPESN	0.46 (1.3 × 10²)***	0.10 (0.031)***
Participation in Medicare Part D MTM	18.73 (6.246 × 10²)**	28.05 (13.83)*
Structural characteristics
Independent pharmacy	4.14 (2.02 × 10²)*	0.43 (5.6)
Low prescription volume	1.08 (0.032)	7.23 (7.21)
Established pharmacy	2.02 (0.015)	4.14 (7.46)
Alpha	–	0.56 (7.08 × 10²)**
Constant	− 21.04 (4.79)***	− 14.03 (1.383)***
Observations	180	104

Significance of hurdle regression: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
^aAME, average marginal effect
^bEffect sizes for the stage 1 model are in percentage points; for example, 9.86 for presence of clinical pharmacist indicates that the probability of implementing NC-CPESN was 9.86 percentage points higher for pharmacies that have a clinical pharmacist
^cAny standard errors that were carried out to the ten-thousandths place value or smaller are represented in scientific notation
^dEquation 1 and 2 include an interaction term (implementation climate*innovation-values fit), which is represented in the AME of implementation climate and innovation-values fit

ISSN: 1748-5908