Table 2 Quality appraisal of included studies
ROBINS-I tool for non-randomised studies of interventions | ||||||||
Studies | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification of interventions | Bias due to derivations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
Agarwal et al. [36] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Bhutta et al. [49] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
Cavicchiolo et al. [58] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Clark et al. [50] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Crouse et al. [38] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Darmstadt et al. [51] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | No info | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Dos Santos et al. [47] | Serious | NI | Serious | Low | Low | Serious | Moderate | Serious |
Erdeve et al. [52] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Gathara et al. [39] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
Gilbert et al. [53] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Leng et al. [40] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Mais et al. [41] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Namazzi et al. [42] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | No info | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
Pinto et al. [43] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Rahman et al. [44] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | No info | No info | Moderate | Moderate |
Ramaswamy et al. [59] | No info | No info | No info | No info | No info | No info | Serious | Serious |
Rosenthal et al. [33] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Rosenthal et al. [34] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Salehi et al. [45] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | No info | Low | Low | Serious |
Sethi et al. [54] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Soni et al. [55] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Srofenyoh et al. [35] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
UNICEF [37] | No info | No info | No info | No info | No info | No info | Critical | Critical |
Wrammert et al. [56] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Yawson et al. [60] | No info | No info | Low | Low | No info | No info | Serious | Serious |
Zhou et al. [57] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Zhou et al. [46] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Risk of Bias 2.0 tool for randomised studies | ||||||||
Studies | Bias arising from the randomisation process | Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing outcome data | Bias in the measurement of the outcome | Bias in the selection of the reported result | Overall bias | ||
Bastani et al. [48] | Low | Medium | Low | Medium | Low | Medium | ||