Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the review and reported aspects of the ToC process

Andersen, Nesman et al. (2012) [26]

USA

Tampa Hillsborough integrated network for kids: respite care for families with seriously emotionally disturbed children

Reduction in caregiver burden

X

Andreas, Ja et al. (2010) [27]

USA

Peer community approach to prevent substance use and recidivism in men and women in recovery who have been incarcerated

Prevention of substance abuse relapse

X

X

AusAID (2010) [28]

Papua New Guinea

Strengthen sector wide response to HIV in Papua New Guinea

Stable HIV incidence rate; improved care for people living with HIV/AIDS

X

Bacchus, Bewley et al. (2010) [29]

UK

Guidelines, staff training, inclusion of routine enquiry for domestic violence with all patients, and referral of women disclosing violence to an on-site advocacy service.

Reduction in severity and frequency of abuse. Improved safety and access to resources

X

X

Barton, Powers et al. (2001) [30]

USA

Promoting positive youth development for young people

Reduction in drug and alcohol use, increase in immunisation rates

X

Basson and Roets (2013) [31]

South Africa

A workplace wellness programme for HIV affected nurses

Positive health and well-being of nurses

X

X

Bauer (1999) [16]

USA

Oakland Community-Based Public Health Initiative: a capacity and advocacy initiative for residents to impact on public health policy and training of public health professionals

Nil specific

X

X

Bauld, Judge et al. (2005) [32]

UK

Health action zones: a multi-area study in 26 local health areas aiming to identify and address the public health needs of the local area, to increase effectiveness and efficiency of services and develop partnerships

Improved health and reduced inequality.

X

Beeston, Robinson et al. (2011) [33]

UK

A strategy for reducing alcohol related harm

Reduced alcohol related harms

X

X

Bhattacharjee (2013) [34]

India

A multipronged programme targeting sex workers, their partners and the community to increase condom use and reduce violence towards sex workers

Increase in protected sex and decrease in STI/HIV transmission among sex workers

X

X

X

Birkby (2001) [35]

USA

Community partnerships for protecting children initiative on child maltreatment consisting of 5 strategic elements including casework training, family decision-making, a hotline, community resource teams and substance abuse prevention and treatment

Reduction in serious injury

X

X

Bonner (2003) [36]

UK

Programme aimed at reducing drug taking and drug related harm

Reduction in drug taking and drug-related harm among urban young people

X

Brown, Hawkins et al. (2013) [37]

USA

Communities that care: a manualised system for community coalitions to influence human and financial resources to address adolescent health and behaviour problems

Reduction in adolescent behaviour problems.

X

Carr, Lhussier et al. (2008) [38]

UK

A walking group as part of the Positive Health Programme funded by the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund

Enhanced physical fitness

X

X

Carroll, David et al. (2005) [39]

UK

Workplace wellness program

Improved well-being of women clothing factory workers

X

X

Chandani, Noel et al. (2012) [40]

International multi-country

Medication supply chains for community health workers in Rwanda, Ethiopia and Malawi

Appropriate receipt of treatment for common childhood illness; Availability of usable and quality medicines for appropriate treatment of childhood illnesses

X

X

X

Cole, Hogg-Johnson et al. (2006) [41]

Canada

Workplace economic program

Reduction in pain intensity and disability

X

De La Rosa, Perry et al. (2005) [42]

USA

A family based home visit intervention during pregnancy and after the birth of the first child

Improved social support, caregiver behaviours, family interactions and decreased personal problems affecting parenting.

X

X

X

De La Rosa, Perry et al. (2009) [43]

USA

A family based home visit intervention during pregnancy and after the birth of the first child

Multiple including improved immunisation rates, connection with a medical home and maternal achievement of economic self-sufficiency.

X

X

X

Dixon-Woods, Bosk et al. (2011) [44]

USA

An intervention in intensive care units to reduce central venous catheter bloodstream infections

Decrease in intensive care unit mortality, hospital mortality, catheter related infections, ventilator associated pneumonia

X

X

Dixon-Woods, Tarrant et al. (2010) [45]

UK

Safer Patient Initiative: introduction of patient safety into hospital management, culture and practice.

Increased patient safety in hospitals

X

Goss-Power (2005) [46]

USA

VASE: a school for adolescents with emotional and behavioural disturbances

Nil specific

X

Gray and Seddon (2005) [47]

UK

Two programmes aimed at children in “trouble” at school, truancy and risk of social exclusion. 1. “Kick it” Football Project which included mentoring and drug education, 2. The Salford Anti-Rust gardening project using mentoring using horticulture

No specific health outcomes mentioned (mechanisms for change only)

X

X

Gregor (2009) [48]

UK

Programme which enables partnership between public and third sector organisations to deliver awareness-raising programs

Earlier presentation with TB, decrease in TC incidence Decrease in TB stigma, decreased barriers to access

X

X

Henderson (2004) [49]

USA

A substance abuse treatment programme for homeless people

Sobriety, improved medical health

X

Hernandez and Hodges (2006) [12]

USA

Interagency service planning for youth who had been arrested and involved in juvenile probation

No specific health outcomes

X

X

Illinois Caucus for Adolescent Health (2013) [50]

USA

A network of youth and adults who advocate within school, family and healthcare systems to support sexual health, rights and identities of youth

Impacts school, family and healthcare systems in priority areas

X

Kemp, Harris et al. (2013) [51]

Australia

An ante- and post-natal home visiting program

Multiple including improved pre and postnatal maternal health and increased engagement with services

X

X

Knowlton and Phillips (2012) [14]

USA

A five-arm strategic funding model to improve food security for children in the USA

Improved US food security

X

X

Kreger, Sargent et al. (2011) [52]

USA

A network of coalitions and technical assistance programmes who use an environmental justice approach to reduce risk factors for smoking

Healthier children and environments

X

X

X

Levinson-Johnson (2012) [53]

USA

A system of care for youth with behavioural and emotional problems and their families

Various health systems level changes

X

X

X

Levison-Johnson and Wenz-Gross (2010) [54]

USA

A system of care for youth with behavioural and emotional problems and their families

Not described

X

Lund, Tomlinson et al. (2012) [55]

International multi-country

Programme for improving mental healthcare (PRIME): district specific mental health care plans which are integrated into routine health services

Not described

X

X

X

Macfarlane, Greenhalgh et al. (2011) [56]

UK

Whole-scale transformation of stroke, kidney and sexual health services including human resource management

Various including culture of health service and quality of care and service provision

X

X

Mackenzie (2006) [57]

UK

Starting well: intensive home visiting services for families of new babies in 2 areas in Scotland

Not described

X

X

Mackenzie and Blamey (2005) [58]

UK

A multipronged heart disease prevention program

Reduced coronary heart disease

X

X

Mackenzie, Blamey et al. (2007) [59]

UK

Choose life: a national strategy to reduce suicide in Scotland

20 % reduction in suicide rates over a 10-year period

X

Mackenzie, O’Donnell et al. (2010) [1]

UK

Keep Well: a programme to identify those at risk of ill health and offered health checks and preventative services within primary and secondary care

Decreasing inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Scotland

X

Mackenzie, Reid et al. (2012) [60]

UK

Keep Well: the programme to identify those at risk of ill health and offered health checks and preventative services within primary and secondary care

Decreasing inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Scotland

Maselli (2012) [61]

USA

A comprehensive system of care which avoids re-traumatising children and youth with severe emotional challenges

Nil specific

X

X

X

Mason (2005) [62]

UK

The Timely Tales: a community development and community arts project (part of a larger Health Action Zone Project)

None described

X

X

McQuiston, Choi-Hevel et al. (2001) [63]

USA

A culture specific programme to empower lay health advisers to promote sexual health and reduce sexually transmitted diseases

Promotion of sexual health and reduction of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV

X

X

Mookherji and LaFond (2013) [64]

International multi-country

Africa Routine Immunisation System Essentials (ARISE): using lessons from existing immunisations programmes that have achieved solid advances in immunisation

Improved immunisation performance and equity

X

X

Morilus-Black, McCarthy et al. (2012) [65]

USA

An integrated system of care for children and families experiencing social and/or behavioural challenges

Improved care and referrals

X

X

X

Reid and Botma (2012) [66]

South Africa

A programme which aims to expand public services to children with biomedical healthcare needs related to HIV

Nil specific

X

Riley, Byng et al. (2008) [67]

UK

The Lewisham Depression Programme: a multifaceted programme which included marketing of the program, training and a depression recognition audit

Not described

X

X

Rivera, Martorell et al. (2011) [68]

International multi-country

A master plan for the improvement of nutrition in Mesoamerica

Multiple including decreased mortality and increased maternal and child health

X

X

X

Rodriguez, Betanzos-Reyes et al. (2011) [69]

International multi-country

A multifaceted strategic plan to eliminate malaria transmission in Mesoamerica

Eliminating local transmission of malaria in Mesoamerica

X

X

Scanlon, Beich et al. (2012) [70]

USA

Quality improvement alliance: to improve quality in the healthcare system

Improvement in key community and population health outcomes

X

X

Schierhout, Hains et al. (2013) [71]

Australia

A continuous quality improvement programme in primary health care centres

Changes in delivery of guideline schedules services, focusing on diabetes and preventive care

X

X

Secker, Bowers et al. (2005) [72]

UK

Preretirement health advice and services for people aged 50–65 years

Nil mentioned

X

X

Smith and Barnes (2013) [73]

UK

A whole systems approach to prevention of ill health

Improved quality of life, reduced social exclusion and reduced need for acute hospital care for older people

X

X

Suarez-Balcazar (2005) [74]

USA

A community intervention to assist community members in accessing health resources through the project’s home web page and the Internet.

Nil specific

X

Tran (2009) [75]

UK

Provision of mental health advocacy delivered by a Chinese advocate with Cantonese and Mandarin skills

Nil specific

X

X

Tucker, Liao et al. (2006) [76]

USA

Community strategies driven by 40 community coalitions to eliminate disparities in racial or ethnic groups for priority health areas

Reduction in health disparities

X

X

X

Vander Stoep, Williams et al. (1999) [77]

USA

A family-centred system of care by community-based teams for youth with mental health needs

Improved level of functioning for children

X

X

Veerman, De Kemp et al. (2003) [78]

Netherlands

Families First: a home-based intervention for children with behaviour problems

Nil specific

X

von dem Knesebeck, Joksimovic et al. (2002) [79]

Germany

Systems interventions to improve local coordination of health and social care

Improved health care, health monitoring and health promotion

X

Walker and Matarese (2011) [80]

USA

A coaching, training and technical assistance model for wraparound

Nil specific

X

X

Weitzman, Silver et al. (2002) [13]

USA

Urban Health Initiative: a citywide multi-sector planning initiative

Improved health and safety outcomes for children and youth

X

X

Weitzman, Mijanovich et al. (2009) [81]

USA

Urban Health Initiative: a citywide multi-sector planning initiative

Improved health and safety outcomes for children and youth

X

X

Wenz-Gross and DuBrino (2012) [82]

USA

A which programme aims to decrease and prevent youths with serious emotional disturbance from becoming involved in the courts

Various including increased youth functioning and behavioural adjustment

X

X

X