Table 3 Factors influencing WTMS according to phase of change and level of introduction, identified from the systematic review

Governance

▪ Leadership [17–27]

▪ Reporting and monitoring structures [17,21 23-27,32,35,37,44,54]

▪ Clear accountabilities [22, 42, 57, 58]

▪ Leadership [22, 24, 57, 58, 62]

▪ Dedicated decision-making and management structure [19, 20, 24, 28, 29]

▪ Stakeholder engagement [22–27, 32, 37, 54, 56]

▪ Leadership [22, 24, 57]

▪ Stakeholder engagement [22, 27, 62]

▪ Accountability (local agreement) [22, 23, 25, 28]

▪ Leadership [23–27]

▪ Quality and safety measures, processes and monitoring [54, 57]

▪ Accountability agreement [22–25, 44, 54]

Culture

▪ Physician involvement [17, 18, 26, 30, 32–39]

▪ Consultation with front-line actors [17, 22–27, 32, 34, 36, 37]

▪ Physicians involvement [22, 54]

▪ Public involvement [22, 27]

▪ Quality improvement [24–28]

▪ Public awareness and empowerment [22, 23, 25, 39, 54]

▪ Interprofessional cooperation [22]

▪ Trust [17, 20, 22, 25, 40]

▪ Culture of performance [22–27, 54]

Resources

▪ Increase capacity [17, 18, 20, 31, 37, 41–44]

▪ Funding (level and earmarked resources) [17–19, 22–27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 40],[45, 48, 49, 52, 54]

▪ Appropriate capacity (human resources) [24]

▪ Funding levels [27, 62]

▪ Dedicated staffing [17, 19, 20, 22–26, 31, 41, 42, 44–51]

▪ Financial incentives [22–26]

▪ Innovative roles for health professionals [24]

▪ Financial incentives [22, 25]

▪ Financial incentives [23, 33, 39, 52]

▪ Alternative treatment options [27]

Tools

▪ Information management system [18, 19, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35, 39],[41, 44, 54, 55]

▪ Standards and guidelines (equipment, practices, data) [22–27, 33–35, 40, 44, 52, 56]

▪ Performance or information management system [22, 24, 58–61]

▪ Wait time information system [22–24, 61, 63]

▪ Training and support [24–27, 31, 39, 55]

▪ Training in WTM [17, 18]

▪ Training and support of human resources [55]

▪ Standardized data [58]

▪ Tools of communication [22, 23, 25]

▪ Public websites [22]