Table 1 CFIR implementation strategy clusters and implementation strategies

Adapt and tailor to context

Change service sites, promote adaptability, tailor strategies, use data experts, use data warehousing techniques

Use evaluative and iterative strategies

Assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators, audit and provide feedback, conduct cyclical small tests of change, conduct local consensus discussions, conduct local needs assessment, develop a formal implementation blueprint, develop and implement tools for quality monitoring, develop and organize quality monitoring system, identify early adopters, model and stimulate change, purposefully reexamine the implementation, stage implementation scale up

Utilize financial strategies

Access new funding, alter incentive/allowance structures, alter patient/consumer fees, develop disincentives, fund and contract for the clinical innovation, make billing easier, place innovation on fee for service lists/formularies, use capitated payments, use other payment schemes

Change infrastructure

Assess and redesign workflow, change accreditation or membership requirements, change liability laws, change physical structure and equipment, change record systems, change service sites, create new clinical teams, create or change credentialing and/or licensure standards, facilitate relay of clinical data to providers, mandate change, revise professional roles

Provide interactive assistance

Centralize technical assistance, implementation facilitation, provide local technical assistance

Develop stakeholder interrelationships

Build a coalition, capture and share local knowledge, create a learning collaborative, create online learning communities, develop academic partnerships, engage community resources, identify and prepare champions, inform local opinion leaders, involve executive boards, obtain formal commitments, organize clinician implementation team meetings, promote network weaving, recruit, designate, and train for leadership, use advisory boards and workgroups, use an implementation advisor, visit other sites, work with educational institutions

Support clinicians

Develop resource-sharing agreements, facilitate relay of clinical data to providers, remind clinicians

Engage consumers

Increase demand, intervene with patients/consumers to enhance uptake and adherence, involve patients/consumers and family members, prepare patients/consumers to be active participants, start a dissemination organization, use mass media

Train and educate stakeholders

Conduct educational meetings, conduct educational outreach visits, conduct ongoing training, create a learning collaborative, create online learning communities, develop an implementation glossary, develop educational materials, distribute educational materials, engage community resources, increase demand, make training dynamic, provide clinical supervision, provide ongoing consultation, shadow other experts, start a dissemination organization, use mass media, use train-the-trainer strategies

Messaging

Capture and share local knowledge, develop an implementation glossary, develop educational materials, distribute educational materials, facilitate relay of clinical data to providers, increase demand, inform local opinion leaders, intervene with patients/consumers to enhance uptake and adherence, involve patients/consumers and family members, prepare patients/consumers to be active participants, start a dissemination organization, use mass media