Table 3 Design and methodological approaches identified in implementation outcomes research (n = 400)
From: Ten years of implementation outcomes research: a scoping review
| Â | All | Acceptability | Adoption | Appropriateness | Cost | Feasibility | Fidelity | Penetration | Sustainability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 400) | (n = 210) | (n = 106) | (n = 87) | (n = 31) | (n = 154) | (n = 157) | (n = 64) | (n = 63) | |
Design | |||||||||
 Instrument development | 5.3% | 2.9% | 3.8% | 4.6% | 3.2% | 4.5% | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.6% |
 Observational | 66.5% | 70.0% | 67.0% | 71.3% | 67.7% | 73.4% | 58.0% | 76.6% | 82.5% |
 Quasi-experimental | 6.8% | 7.1% | 9.4% | 8.0% | 6.5% | 6.5% | 6.4% | 7.8% | 14.3% |
 Experimental | 21.5% | 20.0% | 19.8% | 16.1% | 22.6% | 15.6% | 29.3% | 14.1% | 1.6% |
Number of observations | |||||||||
 Cross-sectional | 42.8% | 45.2% | 40.6% | 47.1% | 38.7% | 42.2% | 29.3% | 43.8% | 44.4% |
 Pre-post | 15.3% | 22.4% | 17.0% | 17.2% | 12.9% | 21.4% | 16.6% | 12.5% | 12.7% |
 Longitudinal (> 3) | 36.5% | 29.0% | 38.7% | 29.9% | 45.2% | 31.2% | 47.8% | 42.2% | 41.3% |
Type of data used to assess | |||||||||
 Qualitative | 17.5% | 33.3% | 19.8% | 44.8% | 19.4% | 23.4% | 13.4% | 12.5% | 28.6% |
 Quantitative | 48.5% | 37.1% | 66.0% | 24.1% | 67.7% | 48.1% | 66.2% | 68.8% | 44.4% |
 Multi/mixed | 32.5% | 28.6% | 12.3% | 29.9% | 12.9% | 27.9% | 17.2% | 17.2% | 23.8% |
Role in analysis | |||||||||
 Descriptive (e.g., univariate) | 62.5% | 87.6% | 78.3% | 92.0% | 87.1% | 87.0% | 68.8% | 76.6% | 79.4% |
 Correlation (e.g., association) | 8.3% | 6.2% | 12.3% | 4.6% | 3.2% | 5.2% | 12.7% | 14.1% | 19.0% |
 Independent variable (e.g., predictor) | 4.5% | 3.8% | 3.8% | 2.3% | 3.2% | 1.3% | 9.6% | 6.3% | 3.2% |
 Dependent variable (e.g., outcome) | 24.3% | 11.0% | 19.8% | 8.0% | 12.9% | 11.7% | 29.3% | 23.4% | 22.2% |