Theoretical focus | Theoretical content | Research questions | Empirical focus |
---|---|---|---|
1 Users’ interactions with objects in implementation processes (2006) | Analysis of mechanisms of collective action (interactional workability, relational integration, skill set workability, contextual integration) [22, 23]. | What factors promote or inhibit the routine incorporation of complex interventions in practice? How do they affect implementation processes and outcomes? | How complex interventions are operationalised by their users. |
2 Agency within implementation processes (2009) | Analysis of mechanisms of agents’ contributions to implementation processes (sense-making, cognitive participation, collective action, reflexive monitoring) [24, 25]. | What factors promote or inhibit the implementation, embedding and integration of practices? How do they affect implementation processes and outcomes? | The work people do when they implement a new technique, technology or organisational intervention. |
3 Resource mobilisation in implementation processes (2013) | Analysis of social structural resources (roles, rules, norms and material resources) and social cognitive resources (potential and commitment) available to agents as they invest in implementation [26, 27]. | What factors promote or inhibit the mobilisation of structural and cognitive resources for implementation? How do they affect implementation processes and outcomes? | How implementation processes work over time. |
4 Implementation as adaptive self-organising in complex systems (this paper) | Analysis of properties of interventions as events in systems (plasticity and elasticity) and adaptive responses to emergence (normative and relational restructuring). | What factors promote or inhibit adaptation and self-organisation in complex systems? How do they affect implementation processes and outcomes? | How implementation processes differ between settings. |