Table 1 Implementation approaches and strategies used in eligible studies
From: Trends in guideline implementation: a scoping systematic review
Strategya | Arthritis (4) | Colorectal Cancer (3) | Diabetes (21) | Heart Disease (4) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Professional | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Identify barriers | -- | -- | 2 | -- | 2 |
 Distribute guideline material | -- | -- | 2 | -- | 2 |
 Advertise guideline material | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Present guideline materials at meetings | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Educate individuals about guideline intent/benefits | -- | 1 | 2 | -- | 3 |
 Educate groups about guideline intent/benefits | 2 | -- | 13 | 3 | 18 |
 Recruit an opinion leader who recommends implementation | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Achieve consensus that guideline should be implemented | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Provide reminders to individuals/groups about intent/benefits | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 11 |
 Provide alerts when practice deviates | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Provide feedback on compliance | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
 Provide feedback about patients (outcome data, self-report) | -- | -- | 3 | -- | 3 |
 Provide feedback from patients | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Provide feedback from healthcare professionals | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Print material (summary, algorithm, referral forms, etc.) | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 13 |
 Tailor guideline | -- | -- | 1 | -- | 1 |
 Enable self-audit (training, material) | -- | -- | 1 | -- | 1 |
 Subtotal | 6 | 6 | 38 | 7 | 57 |
Financial | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Health professional |  |  |  |  |  |
  Incentive (individual financial reward or benefit for compliance) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Incentive (group or institutional financial reward or benefit) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Grant or allowance to individual (not tied to compliance) | -- | -- | 4 | -- | 4 |
  Grant or allowance to group/institution (not tied to compliance) | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 |
  Penalty (individual, for non-compliance) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Penalty (group/institution, for non-compliance) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Change in reimbursement (add/remove/substitute) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Patient |  |  |  |  |  |
  Incentive (individual financial reward/benefit for compliance) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Grant or allowance (not tied to compliance) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Penalty (for non-compliance) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Incentive (individual non-financial reward/benefit for compliance) | -- | -- | 1 |  | 1 |
 Subtotal | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 |
Organizational | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Health professional |  |  |  |  |  |
  Additional human resources (number/type) | -- | -- | 2 | -- | 2 |
  Reallocated or new role | -- | -- | 1 | -- | 1 |
  Create an implementation/multidisciplinary team | -- | -- | 1 | -- | 1 |
  Communication between distant health professionals | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Improve health professional satisfaction (non-financial) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Patient |  |  |  |  |  |
  Consumer participation in governance | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Consumer feedback, suggestions, complaints | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Structural changes |  |  |  |  |  |
  Organizational structure (including reorganization) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Setting/site of service delivery | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Physical structure, facilities or equipment | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Information/communication technology | -- | -- | 3 | 1 | 4 |
  Quality improvement, performance measurement system | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Method of service delivery | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
  Integration of services | -- | -- | 1 | -- | 1 |
  Risk management provisions (including insurance coverage) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Subtotal | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 9 |
Regulatory | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Legislation or regulation (which enforces or mandates) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Ownership or affiliation | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Licensing, credentialing or accreditation | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |
 Subtotal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Patient/consumer | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Education (single or group) | 1 | -- | 7 | 1 | 9 |
 Counselling | -- | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
 Group interaction (via social media) | 1 | -- | -- | -- | 1 |
 Print material (summary, etc.) | -- | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 |
 Reminder | -- | 1 | 1 | -- | 2 |
 Sub-total | 2 | 3 | 17 | 3 | 25 |
Total | 8 | 9 | 68 | 12 | 97 |