A systematic review of the use of theory in randomized controlled trials of audit and feedback

Table 1 Theory names, theory authors, category, and degree of utilization

Category	Theory name	Number of times used*	Number of times used as part of intervention design**
Theory author(s) and year	Theory name	Number of times used*	Number of times used as part of intervention design**
Education
Knowles, 1984[17], 1990[18]	Adult Learning Theory	2	1
Coles & Holm, 1993[19]	Theory of Medical Education	1	1
Diffusion
Rogers, 1983(3)[20], 1995(2)[15]	Diffusion of Innovations	5	3
Penland, 1997[21]	Technology Diffusion Theory	1	0
Organization
Greenhalgh, Robert, Macfarlane, Bate, & Kyriakidou, 2004[22]	Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations	1	0
Lawler, 1976[23]	Lawler’s Organization Theory	1	1
Levitt, 1965[24]	Organization Development Theory	1	1
Kirkpatrick, 1967[25]	Kirkpatrick’s Hierarchy of Levels of Evaluation	1	0
Psychology
Bandura, 1969[26], 1986(2)[16], 1997[27]	Social Cognitive Theory	4	4
Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982[28], 1986[29], 1992[30]	Transtheoretical Model	3	1
Fishbein, 1979[31], Fishbein & Ajzen, 1968[32]	Theory of Reasoned Action	2	1
Azjen, 1991^b	Theory of Planned Behavior	1	1
Conner & Norman, 1996[33]	Social Cognitive Models	1	0
Green & Kreeuter, 1991[34]	Precede/Proceed Planning Model	1	1
Reason, 2000[35]	Human Error Theory	1	1
Ullman & Krasner, 1975[36]	Behavioral Psychology Theory	1	1
Perry, Baranowski, & Parcel, 1990[37]	Social Learning Theory	1	1
Social cognitive model: undefined^a	Social Cognitive Models	1	0

^a Study indicated only that ‘social cognitive models’ were used but did not specify a reference.
^b Study used The Theory of Planned Behavior but did not provide a reference for the theory.
*These 29 uses of theory were located in 20 papers (14% of the 140 reviewed).
**These 18 uses of theory for intervention design were located in 13 papers (9% of the 140 reviewed).

ISSN: 1748-5908