System-level factors | System-level factors include policy, community, and financial levers. In MOUD implementation by specialty addiction programs, system barriers include myths about prohibitive policies, historical isolation from other health care providers, and norms that do not endorse MOUD |
Organization-level barriers | Organization-level barriers include leaders who may not support MOUD, a culture of anti-MOUD as “just another crutch” and inflexible daily schedules |
Individual contextual barriers | Individual contextual barriers are manifest in one’s own personal experience with addiction recovery, the lack of physicians or any licensed prescriber, and addiction counselors’ fears about the “professionalization” of the field |