Table 5 Summary of recommendations for policy and practice

Policy level

Strengthening political commitment to combating AMR and prioritizing the issue to increase investment of domestic resources and prompt formulation and implementation of more sustainable strategies on AMR.

Organizational level

Improving the infrastructure of health facilities that allow prescribers to make evidenced-based decisions on treating patients with antibiotics. Specific strategies include the following:

• Building laboratories to facilitate diagnosis

• Enhancing surveillance of AMR and antibiotic use for developing context-specific guidelines and strengthening evaluation of AMR interventions

• Securing supply of antibiotics to ensure availability of effective antibiotics

Implementation level

Engaging local stakeholders using a participatory approach to facilitate buy-in and contextualizing interventions, ensuring that the interventions address local needs and priorities, fit into routine practice, and are delivered using culturally sensitive methods. Specific strategies include:

• Involving local leadership and decision-makers in developing, adapting, implementing, and evaluating interventions.

• Involving target population in the development and planning of interventions to ensure that the developed tools and protocols can be incorporated into routine practice.