Table 1 Definitions of the nine intervention functions of the behavior change wheel

Education

Increasing knowledge or understanding.

Persuasion

Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action.

Incentivization

Creating expectation of reward.

Coercion

Creating expectation of punishment or cost.

Training

Improving skills.

Restriction

Using rules to reduce the opportunity to engage in the target behavior.

Environmental restructuring

Changing the physical or social context.

Modeling

Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate.

Enablement

Increasing means or reducing barriers to increase capability or opportunity.