Table 2 Theories or frameworks

Determinant frameworks

Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) [82]

The TDF was developed to make behavior change theories more accessible to implementation researchers. The revised TDF consists of 84 constructs sorted into 14 domains which can be used to identify determinants of behavior and potential intervention.

22

CFIR Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [83]

The CFIR is an implementation science framework which can be used to identify determinants that may impact implementation. The CFIR can also be used to support design, evaluation, and implementation of intervention.

4

Tailored Implementation for Chronic Disease (TICD) framework [84]

The TICD incorporates items from other commonly used frameworks, e.g., CFIR and TDF. The aim of this framework is to provide an accessible checklist to identify determinants that may impact implementation.

1

Classic theories

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [85]/Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) [86]

The TPB is a psychological theory that states that attitude, subject norms, and perceived behavioral control are antecedents to intention which is an antecedent to behavior.

The TRA purports that intention to perform a behavior is the main predictor of that behavior.

7

Fuzzy Trace Theory [87]

FTT is a cognitive theory which can be used to predict reasoning and decision-making.

2

Lewin’s Change Theory [88]

Lewin’s Change Theory is a social psychology theory that purports that behavior is a dynamic balance of driving forces and resisting forces.

1

Dual Processing Theory [89]

Dual process theory posits that two memory systems are involved in decision making. The first system is intuitive and relies on heuristics, the second system is analytical and deductive.

1

Regulatory Fit Theory [90]

The regulatory fit theory proposes that individuals experience a state of regulatory fit when the approach to achieving a goal aligns with the goal orientation.

1

Cognitive Dissonance Theory [91]

Cognitive dissonance theory posits that individuals have an inner drive to hold their cognitions and behaviors in harmony and avoid dissonance.

1

Empowerment Theory [92]

Empowerment theory posits that work environments that provide employees with resources, support, and opportunities to learn promote empowerment.

1

Implementation theories

Normalization Process Theory (NPT) [93]

The NPT provides a framework for understanding and evaluating the processes by which interventions are embedded into everyday work and sustained.

4

COM-B Model [94]^a

The COM-B Model posits that capability, opportunity, and motivation interact to influence behavior.

3