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Table 2 Description of non-empirical and review studies (N = 14)

From: A scoping review of de-implementation frameworks and models

Author, year

Setting

Topic/content area

De-implementation intervention

Primary action

Secondary action

Evidence for de-imp.

Cost

Stakeholder

Method

Study design

Amankwah-Amoah, 2017 [51]

Industries (broad)

Technological lifecycle

Describe the lifecycle of a product, ultimately leading to discontinued use of a technology

Remove

Replace

NR

Y

N

Non-empirical

Commentary

Bain et al., 2008 [52]

Clinical

Medication discontinuation

Recognize indication for discontinuing medication; identify medication for discontinuation; discontinue; monitor patient

Remove

NA

Ineffective

Y

Y

Non-empirical

Case example; commentary

Bauer, 2014 [53]

Legislative bodies (broad)

Environmental (air pollution, water protection, wildlife protection); social (child benefits, pension, unemployment) policy change

Public policy dismantling (including strategies)

Remove

NA

NR

Y

N

Non-empirical

Literature summary; commentary

Davidson et al., 2017 [54]

Clinical

Behavior change

Broad cycle of identifying low-value practice, plan and execute de-implementation, evaluate consequences, plan for new practice implementation

Remove

Replace

NR

Y

Y

Non-empirical

Commentary

Helfrich et al., 2018 [37]

Clinical

De-implementation of low-value or ineffective clinical practices (broadly)

Unlearning an active process and substitution of an alternative practice

Reduce; replace

NA

Ineffective

N

Y

Non-empirical

Commentary

Herald et al., 2009 [55]

Systems (broad, primary example military)

Technological lifecycle

Discuss 6 components of obsolescence management: technology road mapping, system costing, system obsolescence life cycle forecasting, technology trade study analysis and product selection, technology/product surveillance and health assessment, technology transition

Replace

NA

NR

Y

N

Non-empirical

Commentary

Hyun-Ju et al., 2016 [56]

Healthcare system (broad)

Healthcare technology reassessment

Strategies to reassess and manage obsolete medical technologies

Reduce; replace

Remove

Mixed

Y

Y

Review

Systematic review

Kirkpatrick et al., 1999 [26]

Public policy

Public policy termination

Consider political environment, policy characteristics, and system constraints

Reduce, remove

NA

NR

Y

Y

Non-empirical

Conceptual

Niven et al., 2015 [57]

Clinical

Low-value clinical practices

Selected and tailored deadoption intervention

Remove

Reduce

Ineffective, contradicted

Y

Y

Review

Scoping review

Norton et al., 2019 [58]

Clinical

Cancer care delivery

De-implementation strategies (at patient, provider, setting, societal levels)

Reduce, remove replace, restrict

NA

Ineffective, contradicted, mixed, untested

N

N

Non-empirical

Commentary

Prasad, 2014 [23]

Healthcare system (broad)

Contradicted, untested, novel healthcare practices

Factor prioritization for testing unproven practices

Remove

NA

Untested

Y

N

Non-empirical

Commentary

Scott et al., 2013 [59]

Clinical

Polypharmacy in older populations

Behavior change (begin using discontinuation guide) assess for deprescribing

Remove

NA

Ineffective, contradicted

Y

Y

Non-empirical

Commentary

Soril et al., 2020 [60]

Healthcare system (broad)

Healthcare technology

Policy process (selection, decision, execution, reassessment)

Reduce

Remove

Ineffective, contradicted

Y

Y

Non-empirical

Commentary (literature summary, environmental scan, workshop)

  1. Note: N no, NA not applicable, NR not reported, Y yes