Skip to main content

Table 1 Cost impact inventory in implementation science

From: Cost data in implementation science: categories and approaches to costing

Cost category

Type of impact

Analytic perspective

Phasea

  

Societal

Healthcare sector

Criminal Justice

Patient/caregiver

Public health dept

Otherb

 

Implementation strategy (or de-implementation)

Paid by stakeholder/implementer. Costs include intervention adaptation and planning for implementation

x

x (only if implemented by the healthcare sector)

 

n/a

X (only if implemented by public health dept)

 

i–ii

Formal healthcare sector

medical costs

1. Paid for by third-party payers

x (all)

x (all)

    

iii–iv

iii–iv

2. Paid for by patients out-of-pocket

   

x

  

iv

3. Future related medical costs (payers and patients)

4. Future unrelated medical costs (payers and patients)

   

x

  

iv

Informal healthcare sector

1. Patient-time costs

x (all)

n/a

n/a

x

  

ii–iii

2. Unpaid caregiver-time costs

   

x

   

3. Transportation costs

   

x

   

Non-healthcare sectors

 

x (all)

n/a

     

 Productivity

1. Labor market earnings lost

 

n/a

 

x

   

2. Cost of unpaid lost productivity due to illness

   

x

   

3. Cost of uncompensated household production

   

x

   

 Consumption

Future consumption unrelated to health

 

n/a

    

iv

Social services

1. Cost of social services as part of the intervention or implementation strategy

 

n/a

  

x (possibly)

x (possibly)

i–ii

2. Cost/savings of social services downstream

      

iii–iv

Legal or criminal justice

1. Number and cost of crimes related to intervention

 

n/a

x

   

iii

2. Cost of crimes downstream

  

x

   

iv

Education

Impact of intervention on the educational achievement of population

 

n/a

   

x (possibly)

iv

Housing

Cost of intervention on home improvements (e.g., removing lead paint)

 

n/a

   

x (possibly)

ii–v

Environment

Production of toxic waste pollution by intervention

 

n/a

   

x (possibly)

iv–v

Others (specify)

Other impacts

 

n/a

     
  1. Adapted from Sanders/Neumann [13, 16]
  2. aPhases include:
  3. i.Exploration/pre-implementation/preparation costs, sometimes includes adaptation
  4. ii.Implementation costs
  5. iii.Intervention costs
  6. iv.Downstream costs
  7. v.Sustainment, adaptation, spread, de-implementation
  8. bAnalytic perspectives could include societal, patient, caregiver, healthcare system, healthcare sector, justice system, public health department, housing (public, private), environmental sector, among others. When substitution of costs across sectors is expected by intervention, costs from any involved sectors should be counted