Table 3 Summary of implementation strategies used in included studies and reported outcomes

Ammerman, 2003 (USA)

X

Ø Patient health status (attitudes/practices to prevent hypercholesterolemia; blood lipids, weight and dietary choices)

Charrier, 2008 (Italy)

X

X

+ Professional practice (adoption of guideline practices)

Cheater, 2006 (UK)

X

X

X

X

X

Ø Professional practice (adherence to urinary incontinence assessment guidelines)

Daniels, 2005 (USA)

X

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (compliance with asthma care guidelines)

Day, 2001 (UK)

X

+ Professional knowledge (knowledge of endotracheal suctioning)

+ Professional practice (ability to practice guideline recommendations effectively)

Donati, 2020 (Italy)

X

X

+ Professional practice (hand hygiene)

Elliott, 1997 (USA)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Ø Professional knowledge (knowledge of cancer pain management, pain intensity)

Evans, 1997 (USA)

X

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (identification/treatment of asthma)

+ Patient health status (continuity of care, patient education by professionals)

Fairall, 2005, 2010 (South Africa)

X

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (Increased case detection, improved therapy/practices by professionals, improved prescribing)

Ø Expenditures (cost effectiveness)

Feldman, 2004(USA)

X

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (quality of life, satisfaction with home care services, survival at 9 days)

+ Resource use (emergency department use, hospital admissions)

Friese, 2019 (USA)

X

X

X

X

X

Ø Professional knowledge (knowledge of PPE)

Ø Professional practice (PPE use)

Haegdorens 2018, 2019 (Belgium)

X

+ Professional practice (frequency and quality of vital signs)

Ø Patient health status (unexpected death, cardiac arrest, unplanned ICU admission

Harrison, 2000 (South Africa)

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (quality of case management)

Hödl, 2019 (Austria)

X

X

+ Patient health status (adverse events caused by urinary incontinence)

Hodnett, 1996 (Canada)

X

X

X

X

Ø Professional practice (adherence to practice guidelines)

Jansson, 2014 (Finland)

X

X

X

+ Professional knowledge (knowledge of mechanical ventilation)

+ Professional knowledge (adherence to practice guidelines, improved simulation exposure)

Jansson, 2016a, 2016b (Finland)

X

X

Ø Professional knowledge (hand hygiene, pneumonia prevention by staff)

Kalinowski, 2015 (Germany)

X

X

Ø Professional practice (nonpharmacological pain management techniques)

+ Patient health status (pain management)

Kaner, 2003 (UK)

X

X

+ Professional practice (screening/adherence to protocol; patient management)

Ø Expenditures (cost effectiveness)

Köpke, 2012 (Germany)

X

X

X

X

Ø Professional practice (decreased restraint use; adherence to guidelines)

Lozano, 2004 (USA)

X

X

X

X

+ Patient health status (Asthma symptoms, frequency of steroid use)

Mayou, 2002 (UK)

X

X

X

+ Patient health status (quality of life, anxiety/depression)

McDonald, 2005 (USA)

X

X

X

X

X

Ø Professional practice (nursing pain assessment)

+ Patient health status (symptom management and quality of life)

+ Expenditures (cost effectiveness)

Moon, 2015 (South Korea)

X

X

Ø Patient health status (incidence of delirium; in hospital mortality)

Murtaugh, 2005 (USA)

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (Adherence to nursing protocols; nursing assessment)

Naylor, 2004 (USA)

X

X

X

+ Patient health status (time to first hospitalization or death, quality of life, functional status)

Noome, 2017 (Netherlands)

X

X

X

X

+ Professional knowledge (knowledge of evidence-based practice in end-of-life care)

Ø Professional practice (adherence to guidelines)

Pagaiya, 2005 (Thailand)

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (prescribing medication to manage diabetes)

Parker, 1995 (USA)

X

+ Professional knowledge (knowledge of diabetes management)

Ø Professional practice (diabetes management)

Premaratne, 1999 (UK)

X

X

X

Ø Professional practice (steroid prescribing)

+ Patient health status (quality of life)

Ø Resource use (attendance to emergency department, admission to hospital)

Rood, 2005 (Netherlands)

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (adherence to guidelines)

Ruijter, 2018 (Netherlands)

X

X

Ø Professional practice (adherence to guidelines)

Snelgrove-Clarke, 2015 (Canada)

X

X

+ Professional practice (patient safety, adherence to guidelines)

Titler, 2009; Brooks, 2008 (USA)

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (adoption of practices to address pain intensity)

+ Patient health status (pain intensity)

Tjia, 2015 (USA)

X

X

X

X

Ø Patient health status (toolkit awareness)

Ø Professional practice (adherence to guidelines, antipsychotic prescribing)

Vallerand, 2004 (USA)

X

X

X

+ Professional knowledge (perceptions of pain)

Van Gaal, 2011a; 2001b (Netherlands)

X

X

X

X

X

+ Patient health status (patient safety)

VonLengerke, 2017 (Germany)

X

X

X

X

+ Professional practice (hand hygiene)

Weiss 2019 (USA)

X

X

X

Ø Patient health status (in-patient readmission, return visit to hospital)

Wright, 1997 (USA)

X

+ Professional practice (universal precautions)

Zhu, 2018 (China)

X

Ø Patient health status (hypertension prevention/

management)

Total

27

33

5

12

4

2

11

8

4

9

14

3

3