Table 3 Summary of psychometric properties reported for each scale
From: Psychometric properties of leadership scales for health professionals: a systematic review
Title | Face validity | Content validity | Construct validity | Criterion validity | Internal consistency | Test-retest reliability | Responsiveness | Acceptability/ feasibility | Revalidation/ cross-cultural | Convergent | Discriminant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aspiring leaders in Healthcare - Empowering individuals, Achieving excellence, Developing Talents (AHEAD) [60] (Allied Health Professionals) | – | Y | N* | U | Y | – | – | – | – | Y | – |
Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI) [61] (Nurses) | – | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire (Polish language version) (ALSAQ-P) [62] (Registered Nurses) | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – |
Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire (ANLQ) [63] (Registered Nurses) | – | Y | U | – | Y | – | – | – | – | Y | – |
Charismatic Leadership Socialised Scale (adaptation for Brazilian culture) [64] | Y | Y | N | – | N | – | – | – | N | – | – |
Clinical Leadership Needs Analysis Instrument (CLeeNA) [65] (Registered Nurses) | – | Y | Y | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Clinical Leadership Survey (CLS) [66] (Registered Nurses) | Y | Y | Y | – | N | – | – | – | – | Y | – |
Clinician Safety Culture and Leadership Questionnaire [67] (Physicians, Nurses, Allied Health Professionals) | – | Y | N | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | N | Y | – | U | U |
Cotter Preceptor Selection Instrument (CPSI) [68] (Nurses) | Y | Y | – | Y | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | Y | – |
Director of Nursing Survey: Importance of Role Competencies [69] (Directors of Nursing) | Y | Y | – | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | Y | – | – |
Evidence-Based Practice Nursing Leadership Scale [70] (Registered Nurses) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – |  | – | – | – |
The Evidence-Based Practice Nursing Leadership Scale (Chinese Adaptation) [71] (Registered Nurses, Senior Nurses, Nurse Supervisors or above) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – |
Healthcare Evaluation & Assessment of Leadership (HEAL) [72] (Health professionals (internal medicine, paediatrics, surgery, radiology)) | – | Y | – | – | N | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Human Capital Competencies Inventory (HCCI) [73] (Nurse Managers) | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Human Capital Sustainability Leadership Scale (HCSLS) [74] (Leaders from public and private health and care organisations) | – | – | N* | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | Y | – |
iLead [75] (Health professionals (primary, psychiatric, rehabilitation, acute hospital care, and others) | Y | Y | N* | Y | Y | – | – | – | – | Y | Y |
Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [76] (Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Professionals) | – | – | N | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | Y | U |
Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [77] (Child Welfare Workers) | – | – | Y | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [78] (Registered Nurses) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [79] (Mental Health Supervisors) | – | – | N | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | Y | Y |
Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [19] (Mental Health Clinicians) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | Y | Y |
Kuopio University Hospital Transformational Leadership Scale (KUHTLS) [80] (Nurses) | – | – | N | – | Y | Y | – | – | Y | – | – |
The Leadership and Management Inventory (LaMI) [81] (Registered Nurses, Healthcare Personnel) | – | Y | Y | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Leadership Behaviour Description Questionnaire (Modified Version) [82] (Paramedical Professionals) | – | – | U | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Leadership Competency Inventory (LCI) [83] (Nursing Homes and Hospitals) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
The Leadership Influence Over Professional Practice Environments Scale [84] (Health professionals: Vice President, Chief Nurse, Associate Chief Nurse) | – | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) (3-factor) [43] (Nurses) | – | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) [85] (Registered Nurses) | – | Y | Y | – | Y |  | – | – | – | – | – |
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (6-factor) [86] (Nurses) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y (only subscales reported) | N | – | – | – | – | – |
Nurse Leadership and Organisational Culture (N-LOC) Questionnaire (2-factor) [87] (Nurses) | – | Y | N* | – | Y | N | – | – | U | U | U |
Quantum Leadership Scale [88] (Nurse Administrators) | Y | Y | – | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – |
Questionnaire on Self-Perception of Nurses of Exercise of Leadership (QUAPEEL) [89] | Y | Y | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ) [90] (Nurses) | Y | Y | N* | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | – |
Supportive Leadership Behaviours Questionnaire (SLB) [91] (Nurses, Head Nurses) | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | – | – | Y | – | – |
Supportive Supervisory Scale (SSS) [92] (Healthcare Aides) | Y | Y | U | – | Y | Y | – | – | – | – | – |
Survey of Transformational Leadership (STL) [93] (Substance Use Workers) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | Y | – |
Sustainment Leadership Scale (SLS) [94] (Child Welfare Workers) | – | Y | Y | – | Y | – | N | Y | – | – | – |
Unnamed Leadership Questionnaire for (Dental Practitioners) [95] | – | Y | N | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Unnamed Scale Developed for the Study (Hospital Nurses) [96] | – | Y | Y | – | Y (only subscales reported) | – | – | – | – | – | – |