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Table 2 Characteristics of study sample for assessed scales

From: Psychometric properties of leadership scales for health professionals: a systematic review

Scale name

Measures

Scale details

Country

Sample size

Response rate

Gender of participants

Profession of participants

Aspiring leaders in Healthcare - Empowering individuals, Achieving excellence, Developing talents (AHEAD) [60]

Self-evaluated leadership competency in existing and emerging AHP leaders.

• 25 items

• Likert (5-point)

•2 Domains: Values (inc. 9 subdomains; e.g., Commitment; Compassion, Integrity) and Skills (inc. 16 subdomains; e.g., Creativity; Talent Management; Writing)

Singapore

106

Not reported

Females = 68%

Allied Health Professionals

Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI) [61]

Employee’s perspectives on their managers’ authentic leadership characteristics.

• 14 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 5 Domains: Self-Awareness; Balanced Processing; Moral/Ethical Behaviour; and Relational Transparency

USA

n = 85

Not reported

Not reported

Nurses

Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ-P) [62]

Self-evaluated authentic leadership.

• 16 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 4 Domains: Self-Awareness; Internalised Moral Perspective; Balanced Processing; Relational Transparency

Poland

n = 3299

Not Reported

Female = 98.5%

Registered Nurses

Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire (ANLQ) [63]

Self-evaluated authentic leadership in nurse leaders.

• Item number not specified

• response scale not specified

• 5 Domains: Self-Awareness; Moral Ethical; Relational Integrity; Shared Decision Making; Caring

USA

n = 309

Not reported

Female = 94%

Registered Nurses

Charismatic Leadership Socialised Scale [64]

Charismatic leadership in nurse managers.

• 143 items

• Likert (7-point)

• Two parts:

1. Behaviour of the manager: Dimensions of the Charismatic and Instrumental Leadership

2. Behaviour of employees: Size of Commitment and Satisfaction, Motivation and Team Effectiveness

Brazil

n = 211

Not reported

Female = 81.5%

Registered Nurses

Clinical Leadership Needs Analysis (CLeeNA) [65]

Self-reported leadership needs of nurses and midwives.

•103 items

•Likert (7-point)

•7 Domains: Self and Team Development; Staff and Care Delivery; Technology and Care Initiatives; Financial and Service Management; Leadership and Clinical Practice; Patient Safety and Risk Management; and Standards of Care

Ireland

n = 321

~ 14.7%

Female = 91%

Registered Nurses

Clinical Leadership Survey (CLS) [66]

Self-evaluated clinical leader behaviours in staff nurses (basis in transformational leadership).

• 41 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 5 Domains: Challenging the Process; Inspiring a Shared Vision; Enabling Others to Act; Modelling the Way; and Encouraging the Heart

Canada

n = 480

41%

Female = 97%

Registered Nurses

Clinician Safety Culture and Leadership Questionnaire [67]

Clinician report of safety culture in hospitals at organisational and departmental levels, across teamwork, safety climate and leadership in healthcare.

• Clinician report

• 35 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 3 Domains: Perceived Quality of Collaborating between Clinicians; Organisational Commitment to Patient Safety and Management Style; and Effectiveness of Healthcare Leaders in their Workplace

Australia

n = 1134

Not reported

Female = 39%

Physicians

Nurses

Allied Health Professionals

Cotter Preceptor Selection Instrument (CPSI) [68]

NPD practitioner perceptions of nurse attributes to assist nurse preceptor selection.

• 14 items

• Likert (3-point)

• 10 Domains: Clinical Competence; Nursing Process; Transformational Leadership; Collaboration/Communication Skills; Professional Development; Conflict Resolution; Commitment; Flexibility; Empowerment; and Values

USA

n = 13

Not reported

Not reported

Nurses

Director of Nursing Survey: Importance of Role Competencies [69]

DON’s Perceived importance of DON role competencies.

• 28 items

• Likert (6-point)

• 5 Domains: Transformational Leadership Forces; Structural Empowerment Forces; Exemplary Professional Practice Forces; New Knowledge, Innovation, and Improvements Force; and Empirical Quality Outcomes Force

China

n = 208

69%

Female = 99.5%

Directors of Nursing

Evidence-Based Practice Nursing Leadership Scale [70]

Staff nurse perceptions of support provided by unit level nurse managers to engage in EBP.

• 10 items

• Response scale not specified

• Item examples: ‘My manager provides time for me to engage in EBP’ and ‘My manager makes sure that I have access to relevant research on my unit’

USA

n = 422

24%

Not reported

Registered Nurses

Evidence-Based Practice Nursing Leadership Scale (Chinese adaptation) [71]

(As above)

(As above)

China

n = 419

96%

Female = 96%

Registered Nurses

Senior Nurses

Nurse Supervisors or above

Healthcare Evaluation & Assessment of Leadership (HEAL) [72]

Self-evaluated leadership competency based on the core principles of patient centeredness.

• 24 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 5 Domains: Critical Thinking; Emotional Intelligence; Teamwork; Selfless Service; and Integrity

USA

n = 126

63%

Female = 50%

Health professionals (internal medicine, paediatrics, surgery, radiology)

Human Capital Competencies Inventory (HCIC) [73]

Self-evaluated capital sustainability leadership attributes.

• 16 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 4 Domains: Ethical Leadership; Sustainable Leadership; Mindful Leadership; Servant Leadership

USA

n = 99

45%

Not reported

Nurse Managers

Human Capital Sustainability Leadership Scale (HCSLS) [74]

Self-evaluated capital sustainability leadership attributes.

• 16 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 4 Domains: Ethical Leadership; Sustainable Leadership; Mindful Leadership; Servant Leadership

Italy

EFA n = 207

CFA n = 274

Not reported

Female = 65%

Leaders from public and private health and care organisations

iLead [75]

Employees’ perspectives on their managers’ active and passive implementation specific leadership attributes.

• 20 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 2 Domains: Active Leadership; and Passive Leadership

• Active Leadership Subdomains: Exemplary Behaviours; Individualised consideration; Intellectual Stimulation; and Contingent Reward

• Passive Leadership Subdomains: Passive Management-by-Exception’ and Laissez-Faire

Sweden

n = 336

75% to study, of those 41% answered scale

Female = 90%

Health professionals (primary, psychiatric, rehabilitation, acute hospital care, and others)

Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [19]

Clinician reports of strategic leadership attributes in supervisors, specific to EBP implementation.

• 12 items

• Likert (5-point)

• Domains: Proactive Leadership; Knowledgeable Leadership; Supportive Leadership; and Perseverant Leadership

USA

n = 459

80%

Female = 79%

Mental Health Clinicians

Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [76]

(As above)

(As above)

USA

n = 323

Not reported

Female = 63%

Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Professionals

Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [77]

(As above)

(As above)

USA

n = 214

93%

Female = 92%

Child welfare workers

Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [78]

(As above)

(As above)

USA

S1 n = 200

S2 n = 284

Not reported

Not reported

Registered Nurses

Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) [79]

(As above)

(As above)

USA

n = 136

88%

Female = 76%

Mental health supervisors

Kuopio University Hospital Transformational Leadership Scale (KUHTLS) [80]

Nurse staff reports of manager’s/unit director’s transformational leadership attributes.

• 47 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 7 Domains: Decision; Appreciation; Growth; Justice; Performance; Individuality; and Administration

Cyprus

n = 315

79%

Female = 49%

Nurses

Leadership and Management Inventory (LaMI) [81]

Self-evaluation by superiors and/or subordinates of leadership skills and abilities of first-line nurse managers.

• 56 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 6 Domains: Organisation and Assignment; Information and Communication; Social Skills and Interpersonal Relations; Development and Support of Subordinates; Co-operation; and Analysis and Decisions

Sweden

S1 n = 149

S2 n = 197

S1 = 50%

S2 = 87.5%

Not reported

Registered Nurses

Healthcare Personnel from unspecified professions

Leadership Behaviour Description Questionnaire (Modified Version) [82]

Subordinate’s preference for specific behaviours from their leaders.

• 15 items

• Likert (5-point)

• Leadership behaviours and organisational commitment

India

n = 50

Not reported

Not reported

Paramedical Professionals

Leadership Competency Inventory (LCI) [83]

Self-reports from either individual staff members or managers on perceived degree of importance and development need for listed job competencies.

• 32 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 5 Domains: Personal Mastery; Managing Processes; Managing Resources; Leadership; and Managing Relationships

USA

n = 323

Not reported

Not reported

Nursing homes and hospitals

Leadership Influence over Professional Practice Environments Scale [84]

Leaders’ perceptions of their influence over the PPEs they oversee.

• 59 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 6 Domains: Collegial Administrative Approach; Internal Strategy and Resolve; Authority; Access to Resources; Leadership Expectations of Staff; and Status

USA

n = 150

Not reported

Female = 70%

Health Professionals (Vice president, chief nurse, associate chief nurse)

Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) [43]

Original LPI recommended when used as an educational tool.

Original LPI

• 30 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 5 Domains: Challenging the Process; Inspiring a Shared Vision; Enabling Others to Act; Modelling the Way; and Encouraging the Heart

Canada

n = 67

61%

Not reported

Nurses

Newly derived LPI recommended for use in nursing research to measure leadership practices of established and aspiring nurses.

Newly Derived LPI

• 27 items

• Likert (10-point)

• 3 Domains: Cognitive; Behavioural; Supportive

Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire [85]

Both leader self-evaluation and subordinate evaluation of their supervisor’s transformational, active and passive leadership attributes.

• 78 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 9 Domains: Idealised Influence (Attributed); Idealised Influence (Behaviour); Inspiration Motivation; Intellectual Stimulation; Individualised consideration; Contingent Reward; Active Management-by-Exception; Passive Management-by-Exception; and Laissez-Faire Leadership

Canada

n = 378

38%

Female = 94%

Registered Nurses

Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire [86]

(As above)

(As above)

Finland

n1 = 423

n2 = 78

n1 = 73%

Female = 95%

Nurses

Nurse Leadership and Organisational Culture (N-LOC) [87]

Self-reported attributes of leadership style and organisational culture.

• 62 items

• Likert (7-point)

• Domains: Leadership Style; and Organisational Culture

Hong Kong

n1 = 295

n2 = 1146

n1 = 63%

n2 = 72%

n1 Female = 89%

n2 Female = 88.5%

Nurses

Quantum Leadership Scale [88]

Nursing administrators’ quantum skills, leadership characteristics and functions.

• 37 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 3 Domains: Quantum Skills; Quantum Leaders’ Characteristics; and Quantum, Leaders’ Functions

Iran

n = 25

100%

Female & Married = 80%

Nurse administrators

Questionnaire on Self Perception of Nurses of Exercise of Leadership and (QUEPTAEEL) Questionnaire on Perception of Nurse Technicians and LPNs of Exercise of Leadership (QUAPEEL) [89]

Perception of leadership practice and coaching processes from the perspective of leaders (nurses; QUAPEEL) and followers (nurse technicians and LPNs; QUEPTAEEL).

Both Scales:

• 20 items

• Likert (6-point) and open- and closed-ended questions

• Knowledge about leadership; and questions regarding abilities/attitudes of leaders/followers in coaching leadership practice

Brazil

n = 887

Not reported

Not reported

Nurses

Nurse Technicians

Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire [90]

Nurses’ spiritual leadership attributes.

• 35 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 8 Domains: Vision; Faith and Hope; Altruism; Inner Life; Calling; Membership; Organisational Commitment; and Productivity

Iran

n = 400

91%

Female = 75.5%

Nurses

Supportive Leadership Behaviour Questionnaire [91]

Supportive leadership behaviours.

• 20 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 4 Domains: Support for Development; Integrity; Sincerity; and Recognition

Iran

n = 731

94%

Not reported

Head nurses

Nurses

Supportive Supervisory Scale [92]

Supervisory support and ability to develop and maintain positive relationships.

• 15 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 2 Domains: Respects Uniqueness; and Being Reliable

Canada

n = 22

Not reported

Not reported

Healthcare Aides

Survey of Transformational Leadership [93]

Approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of transformational practices

• 84 items

• Likert (5-point)

• 5 Domains: Idealised Influence; Intellectual Stimulation; Inspirational Motivation; Individualised Consideration; and Empowerment

USA

n = 214

Staff = 62%

Leaders = 57%

Female = 63.5%

Substance Use Workers

Sustainment Leadership Scale (SLS) [94]

Sustainment leadership attributes in first-level leaders and staff perceptions of leadership during sustainment.

• 12 items

• Likert (5-point)

• Four Domains: Proactive Leadership; Knowledgeable Leadership; Supportive Leadership; and Perseverant Leadership

USA

n = 157

95%

Not reported

Child Welfare Workers

Unnamed leadership questionnaire for dental practitioners [95]

Good and poor leadership.

• 61 items

• Likert (7-point)

• Domains: Challenges the notion of leadership domains and uses two constructs: Good Leadership and Poor Leadership

Turkey

n = 237

23%

Female = 40%

Dental Practitioners

Unnamed scale developed for study [96]

Organisational culture, leadership behaviours and job satisfaction.

• 60 items

• Likert (5-point)

• Domains: Organisational Culture; Leadership Behaviour; Job Satisfaction

Taiwan

n = 200

67%

Female = 99.5%

Nurses