Table 8 Barriers and facilitators of implementation outcomes and inner-context outcomes

Implementation Climate

Strategic leadership

1 (5%)

General leadership

1 (5%)

 Low implementation leadership [65]

1 (5%)

 High transformational leadership [65]

1 (5%)

 Low middle managers’ implementation role [65]

1 (5%)

Strategic leadership

1 (5%)

 High implementation leadership [65]

1 (5%)

 High middle managers’ implementation roles [65]

1 (5%)

Fidelity

General leadership

1 (5%)

General leadership

1 (5%)

 Low transformational leadership [90]

1 (5%)

 High transformational leadership [90]

1 (5%)

Behaviors

1 (5%)

 High transactional leadership [90]

1 (5%)

 Inequitable workload distribution [90]

1 (5%)

Strategic leadership

1 (5%)

 Poor organization [90]

1 (5%)

 High implementation leadership [90]

1 (5%)

 Poor management of team relations [90]

1 (5%)

 High middle managers’ implementation roles [90]

1 (5%)

Behaviors

1 (5%)

 Equitable workload distribution [90]

1 (5%)

 Good management of team relations [90]

1 (5%)

Implementation

General leadership

3 (14%)

General leadership

2 (10%)

 Low transactional leadership [87, 93]

2 (10%)

 High transformational leadership [95, 96]

2 (10%)

 High passive-avoidant leadership [93, 96]

2 (10%)

Strategic leadership

3 (10%)

Strategic leadership

3 (14%)

 High implementation leadership [91, 94]

2 (10%)

 Low implementation leadership [91, 93, 96]

3 (14%)

 High middle managers' implementation roles [91, 94]

2 (10%)

 Low middle managers’ implementation roles [93]

1 (5%)

 High EBP champion [95]

1 (5%)

Behaviors

3 (14%)

Characteristics

1 (5%)

 Poor management of competing priorities [93, 95]

2 (10%)

 High EBP buy-in [68]

1 (5%)

 Poor communication [87]

1 (5%)

Characteristics

1 (5%)

 Low EBP buy-in [91]

1 (5%)

Sustainment

Strategic leadership

1 (5%)

 High implementation leadership [83]

1 (5%)

 High middle managers’ implementation roles [83]

1 (5%)

 High EBP champion [83]

1 (5%)