Table 3 Study characteristics (N = 21)

 Child welfare

3 (14%)

 Mental health agencies

17 (81%)

 Substance use agencies

2 (10%)

 Hospital

3 (14%)

 Other

3 (14%)

 Canada

1 (5%)

 Netherlands

2 (10%)

 United States

18 (86%)

 Observational

19 (90%)

 Quasi-/Experimental

2 (10%)

 Quantitative

12 (57%)

 Qualitative

6 (29%)

 Mixed

3 (14%)

 Survey

15 (71%)

 Interview

8 (38%)

 Focus groups

3 (14%)

 Field notes

3 (14%)

 Record reviews

3 (14%)

Used a leadership questionnaire

13 (62%)

 Used a validated questionnaire (n = 13)

12 (92%)

 Used a partially validated questionnaire (n = 13)

1 (8%)

Used an inner-context and/or implementation outcome questionnaire

15 (71%)

 Used a validated questionnaire (n = 15)

11 (73%)

 Used a partially validated questionnaire (n = 15)

11 (73%)

 Used an unvalidated questionnaire (n = 15)

1 (7%)

Implemented a clinical innovation

13 (62%)

 Preparation

2 (10%)

 Implementation

11 (52%)

 Sustainment

2 (10%)

 Multiple phases (unspecified)

1 (5%)

 No active implementation

8 (38%)

 Not reported

1 (5%)

 General leadership

16 (76%)

  Transformational leadership

14 (67%)

  Transactional leadership

6 (29%)

  Passive-avoidant leadership

4 (19%)

 Strategic leadership

12 (57%)

  Implementation leadership

11 (52%)

  Middle-managers’ roles in implementation^b

6 (29%)

  EBP champion^b

2 (10%)

 Leader behaviors^b (uncategorized)

5 (24%)

 Leader characteristics^b (uncategorized)

1 (5%)

Inner-context outcomes^a

12 (57%)

 Organizational characteristics^a

8 (38%)

  Organizational climate

3 (14%)

  Organizational culture

2 (10%)

  Implementation climate

2 (10%)

  Innovation climate

1 (5%)

 Individual characteristics^a

8 (38%)

  Attitudes towards EBP

6 (29%)

  Knowledge of EBP

1 (5%)

  Burnout

1 (5%)

Implementation outcomes

11 (52%)

 Adoption

3 (14%)

 Fidelity

1 (5%)

 General implementation

6 (29%)

 Sustainment

1 (5%)