Table 2 Factors that influenced implementation (n = 144)

Organisational

Healthy organisational culture, including: limited tension between disciplines/professions; clearly defined professional roles and responsibilities; interprofessional respect; limited tension between traditional and western medicine; and limited cultural taboos, social stigma, and discrimination against service users

[46, 131]

[40, 42,43,44, 46, 50, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 64,65,66, 68, 70, 74, 76, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 99, 105, 108, 114, 115, 117, 120, 128, 131, 140, 142, 143, 145, 147,148,149, 155, 160,161,162,163, 169, 170, 179, 180, 184]

Effective communication between and among managers, multidisciplinary service providers, and service users

[46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 60, 66, 71, 75, 78, 80, 88, 91, 92, 98, 101, 102, 105,106,107, 110, 114, 125, 128, 131,132,133, 136, 140, 143, 146, 149, 150, 154, 158, 163, 166,167,168, 172, 177, 179]

[40, 43, 46, 51, 55,56,57, 59, 60, 64, 68, 73, 76, 85, 86, 89, 94, 97, 114, 115, 119, 122, 123, 125, 126, 132, 141, 142, 149, 159, 162, 171, 174, 179, 182]

Effective multilevel coordination, support, management, and/or leadership

[40, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 62, 66, 75, 79, 84, 86, 89, 94, 98, 99, 101, 103, 106, 110, 113, 114, 119, 123, 125, 131,132,133, 139, 140, 143, 145, 147, 158, 160, 162,163,164, 168, 169, 172, 175, 177, 179, 182]

[40, 42,43,44, 46, 49,50,51, 55,56,57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 76, 85, 86, 89, 97, 114, 115, 117,118,119, 122, 128, 130, 132, 141, 142, 146, 149, 156, 159, 162, 164, 166, 171, 174, 177, 179, 180, 182]

Stakeholder engagement, including: community engagement; rapport building; local leadership; community awareness initiatives; welcoming community comment; service user involvement in care; and interorganisational networking

[40, 41, 44, 46, 69, 74, 84, 92, 99, 110, 125, 131, 133, 139, 140, 143, 147, 174, 176, 179, 185]

[40, 43, 49, 110, 118, 141, 159, 169, 170, 178]

Service provider involvement in the design, development, or use of an intervention, and implementation strategy, the evaluation of the intervention, and/or the dissemination of information about the project

[40, 46, 49, 74, 98, 99, 110, 113, 119, 133, 134, 136, 138, 140, 154, 155, 159, 172, 174]

[40, 43, 46, 64, 178]

Implementation planning, including its stages, pilot–testing, evaluation, and/or sustainability

[40, 46, 79, 84, 92, 98, 114, 119, 123, 125, 140, 143, 146, 147, 153, 172, 174, 175, 183]

[40, 45, 61, 66, 73, 94, 102, 111, 118, 139, 142, 143, 152, 162, 165]

Personal

Motivation to change among service providers

[44, 53, 58, 62, 72, 75, 79, 83, 86, 89, 94, 118, 119, 123, 129, 131, 140, 145, 148, 153, 154, 161, 163, 164, 171, 173, 174, 177, 184]

[40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 51, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 68, 70,71,72, 74, 76, 78, 81, 85, 90, 91, 104, 113,114,115, 123, 128, 135, 152, 157, 159, 164, 166, 178, 179]

Perceived value of the intervention among service providers

[47, 55, 56, 58, 63, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80,81,82, 86, 87, 90, 93, 106, 108, 116, 118, 119, 123, 129, 134, 139, 140, 142, 148, 149, 154, 159, 161, 162, 164, 168, 171, 173, 176, 177, 179, 184]

[40, 48, 49, 56, 59, 113, 123]

Knowledge, training, education, and/or feedback to or from service providers or service users

[44, 46, 48, 52,53,54, 56, 61, 63, 71, 79, 81, 84, 86, 88, 91,92,93,94, 105, 106, 109, 111, 114, 119, 120, 123, 129, 131, 134, 136, 139,140,141, 143, 146, 149, 152, 154, 157, 158, 163, 170, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183]

[41, 42, 46, 50,51,52, 54, 55, 58,59,60, 63,64,65,66, 68, 70, 73, 76,77,78, 80,81,82, 86, 87, 90, 97, 99, 107, 109, 119, 121, 122, 130, 135, 139, 141, 147, 148, 157, 161, 165, 166, 168, 171, 177, 178, 180, 186]

Contextual

Adaptation of the intervention and/or its implementation

[46, 76, 84, 94, 96, 97, 103, 110, 119, 125, 131, 140, 145, 153, 164, 171, 172, 174,175,176, 183]

[40, 49, 50, 63, 131, 141, 142, 159, 169]

Individual capacity to accommodate change, including: resources; time; working arrangements that align with personal needs; pay incentives to upskill or implement different care models of care; reasonable travel times; and individual wellbeing and work–life balance

[56,57,58, 61, 62, 84, 111, 118, 120, 140, 164, 172, 177]

[49, 53,54,55, 60, 61, 63, 90, 97, 108,109,110, 115, 121, 122, 152, 160, 171,172,173, 177, 178, 184]

Organisational capacity to accommodate change, including: workforce capacity; and resources (e.g. medical equipment, administrative equipment, health education materials, time)

[41, 52, 57, 59, 84, 94, 117,118,119, 140, 141, 143, 152]

[41, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52, 54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63, 113, 115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123, 139, 140, 142, 143, 152, 166, 170,171,172,173, 177, 180, 182]

Infrastructure, including: transport; technology; structurally safe and accessible services; adequate physical space in buildings and wards; and reliable water and electricity

[45, 52, 141]

[44,45,46, 48, 53,54,55, 58, 60, 63,64,65,66, 117, 122, 124, 139, 143, 151, 165, 170, 177, 180]