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Table 4 RCTs evaluating the effects of CQI compared to non-CQI Interventions on patient outcome measures

From: The effectiveness of continuous quality improvement for developing professional practice and improving health care outcomes: a systematic review

Subgroup

Number of studies

Number (%) of RCTs reporting a statistically significant difference on different proportions of patient outcomes

All outcomes

Over half of outcomes

Half of outcomes

Under half of outcomes

No outcomes

One or more outcomes

All studies

17

0 (0%)

2 (11.8%)

1 (5.9%)

3 (17.6%)

11 (64.7%)

6 (35.3%)

Clinical background

Primary Care

6

0 (0%)

1 (16.7%)

1 (16.7%)

0 (0%)

4 (66.7%)

2 (33.3%)

Secondary Care

7

0 (0%)

1 (14.3%)

0 (0%)

2 (28.6%)

4 (57.1%)

3 (42.9%)

Tertiary Care

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

Social Care

2

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (50.0%)

1 (50.0%)

1 (50.0%)

Other

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

Primary quality improvement model

Plan-Do-Study-Act

9

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (11.1%)

2 (22.2%)

6 (66.7%)

3 (33.3%)

Model for Improvement

5

0 (0%)

2 (40.0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

3 (60.0%)

2 (40.0%)

Root cause analysis

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

Other

2

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

Training type

Web-based

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

In person

7

0 (0%)

2 (28.6%)

1 (14.3%)

1 (14.3%)

3 (42.9%)

4 (57.1%)

In person plus

5

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (20.0%)

4 (80.0%)

1 (20.0%)

Not described

4

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

4 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

Training duration

1–3 hours

3

0 (0%)

1 (33.3%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (66.7%)

1 (33.3%)

4–8 hours

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9–16 hours

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

>16 hours

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100%)

0 (0%)

Not described

12

0 (0%)

1 (8.3%)

1 (8.3%)

2 (16.7%)

8 (66.7%)

4 (33.3%)

Meetings

       

Participant leader, implementation discussed

10

0 (0%)

1 (10.0%)

0 (0%)

1 (10.0%)

8 (80.0%)

2 (20.0%)

Participant leader, unclear implementation discussed

4

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (25.0%)

3 (75.0%)

1 (25.0%)

Not described

3

1 (33.3%)

1 (33.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (33.3%)

0 (0%)

3 (100.0%)

Meeting schedule

Once a week or more

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fortnightly

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

Monthly

7

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (28.6%)

5 (71.4%)

2 (28.6%)

Quarterly or less frequent

2

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (100.0%)

0 (0%)

Not described

7

0 (0%)

2 (28.6%)

1 (14.3%)

1 (14.3%)

3 (42.9%)

4 (57.1%)

Range of year of publication

2010–2020

11

0 (0%)

1 (9.1%)

0 (0%)

2 (18.2%)

8 (72.7%)

3 (27.3%)

2000–2009

5

0 (0%)

1 (20.0%)

1 (20.0%)

1 (20.0%)

2 (40.0%)

3 (60.0%)

1990–1999

1

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0%)