Table 3 RCTs evaluating the effects of CQI compared to non-CQI interventions on clinical process outcomes
Sub-group | Number of studies | Number (%) of RCTs reporting a statistically significant difference on different proportions of clinical process outcomes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All outcomes | Over half of outcomes | Half of outcomes | Under half of outcomes | No outcomes | One or more outcomes | ||
All studies | 24 | 4 (16.7%) | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (4.2%) | 4 (16.7%) | 13 (54.2%) | 11 (45.8%) |
Clinical background | |||||||
Primary Care | 13 | 4 (30.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (15.4%) | 7 (53.8%) | 6 (46.2%) |
Secondary Care | 9 | 0 (0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1 (11.1%) | 2 (22.2%) | 5 (55.6%) | 4 (44.4%) |
Tertiary Care | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Social Care | 1 | 0 (0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100.0%) |
Other | 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0%) |
Primary quality improvement model | |||||||
Plan-Do-Study-Act | 11 | 2 (18.2%) | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 2 (18.2%) | 5 (45.5%) | 6 (54.5%) |
Model for Improvement | 7 | 0 (0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) |
Root cause analysis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other | 6 | 2 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 3 (50.0%) | 3 (50.0%) |
Training type | |||||||
Web-based | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
In person | 14 | 4 (28.6%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (57.1%) | 6 (42.9%) |
In person plus | 7 | 0 (0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (57.1%) | 2 (28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) |
Not described | 3 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (100.0%) | 0 (0%) |
Training duration | |||||||
1-3 hours | 4 | 2 (50.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 3 (75.0%) |
4-8 hours | 2 | 1 (50.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) |
9-16 hours | 2 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) |
>16 hours | 4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) |
Not described | 12 | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 8 (66.7%) | 4 (33.3%) |
Meetings | |||||||
Participant leader, implementation discussed | 15 | 3 (20.0%) | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (6.7%) | 2 (13.3%) | 7 (46.7%) | 8 (53.3%) |
Participant leader, unclear implementation discussed | 3 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (33.3%) | 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) |
Not described | 6 | 1 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 4 (66.7%) | 2 (33.3%) |
Meeting schedule | |||||||
Once a week or more | 3 | 2 (66.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (100.0%) |
Fortnightly | 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0%) |
Monthly | 7 | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (14.3%) | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) |
Quarterly or less frequent | 2 | 0 (0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) |
Not described | 11 | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18.2%) | 7 (63.6%) | 4 (36.4%) |
Range of year of publication | |||||||
2010–2020 | 16 | 3 (18.8%) | 1 (6.3%) | 1 (6.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | 9 (56.3%) | 7 (43.7%) |
2000–2009 | 6 | 1 (16.7%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 3 (50.0%) | 3 (50.0%) |
1990–1999 | 2 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) |