Table 1 Study characteristics, taxonomy strategies used in interventions, and summary of study outcomes
Study (country) | Study design | Participants | Setting | CPGb | Mazza taxonomy strategies | Outcomesc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCP | Patients | Experimental conditiona | Comparator condition | Primary (HCP level) | Secondary (patient-level) | ||||||
Aspy et al. [28] (USA) | RCT | Primary care providers | Breast | Outpatient | Screening | 1.5 Educate individual 1.12 Feedback about patients 3.1.1Additional human resources | No intervention | N/A | + Screening rate | ||
Ayanian et al. [29] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians | Colorectal | Outpatient Inpatient | Screening | 1.9 Provide reminders | No intervention | N/A | + Test completion + Detection of cancer | ||
Bertsche et al. [30] (Germany) | QE | Physicians, nurses, pharmacists | Tumour pain | Inpatient | Appropriate symptom management | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.5 Educate individual 1.12 Feedback about patients 3.3.4 Change in technology | No intervention | Antecedent (acceptance of recommendations; N.R.) + Behaviour (deviations from guideline) | + Symptom management | ||
Burack et al. [31] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians, internal medicine, gynaecology | Cervical | Outpatient | Screening | 1.9 Provide reminders Patient-directed strategy | 1.9 Provide reminders | No intervention | N/A | Ø Test completion | |
Carney et al. [32] (USA) | RCT | Radiologists | Breast | Outpatient | Screening - | 1.5 Educate individual 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 1.12 Feedback about patients 1.15 Other—goal setting | No intervention | Ø Behaviour (recall rate) | N/A | ||
Cohn et al. [33] (USA) | QE | Obstetrician-gynaecologists, physicians | Cervical | Outpatient | Screening | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.3 Advertise guideline 1.5 Educate individual 1.5 Educate individual 1.9 Provide reminders Patient-directed strategy | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.5 Educate individual 1.5 Educate individual 1.9 Provide reminders | No intervention | + Antecedent (knowledge of guideline) + Antecedent (exposure to guidelines) + Antecedent (patient history) | N/A | |
Coleman et al. [34] (USA) | QE | Nurses, physicians, mammography technicians | Breast | Outpatient | Screening | 1.5 Educate individual 1.9 Provide reminders 1.12 Feedback about patients Patient-mediated strategy | No intervention | Ø Antecedent (knowledge and attitude) Antecedent (skill; N.R.) | Ø Screening rate | ||
Du Pen et al. [35] (USA) | RCT | Oncology nurses, oncologists | Cancer pain | Outpatient | Appropriate symptom management | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.6 Educate group 1.7 Recruit opinion leader 1.15 Other—algorithm | 1.15 Other—algorithm | + Behaviour (total provider adherence) | + Symptom management (pain outcomes) | ||
Du Pen et al. [36] (USA) | RCT | Oncology nurses, oncologists | Cancer pain (breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, ovarian, etc.) | Outpatient | Appropriate symptom management | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.15 Other—algorithm | No intervention | Behaviour (total provider adherence; N.R.) | + Symptom management Ø Quality of life | ||
Emery et al. [37] (UK) | RCT | General practitioners, nurses | Breast, colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.5 Educate individual 1.6 Educate group 1.7 Recruit opinion leader 3.3.4 Change in technology | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.6 Educate groups | Antecedent (attitude; N.R.) Antecedent (confidence; N.R.) Antecedent (barriers; N.R.) + Behaviour (screening referral) | N/A | ||
Ferreira et al. [38] (USA) | RCT | Physicians, nurses | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.6 Educate group 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 1.12 Feedback about patients 1.14 Feedback from health care professionals Patient-mediated strategy | No intervention | + Behaviour (screening recommendations) | + Screening rate | ||
Ganz et al. [39] (USA) | RCT | Primary care providers, nurses, administrative staff | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.1 Identify barriers 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.6 Educate group 1.7 Recruit opinion leader 1.9 Provide reminders 1.14 Feedback from health care professionals Patient-directed strategy | No intervention | Antecedent (uptake of intervention; N.R.) | Ø Screening rate | ||
Gorin et al. [40] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians | Breast | Outpatient | Screening | 1.5 Educate individual 1.6 Educate group 1.9 Provide reminders Patient-directed strategy | No intervention | + Antecedent (knowledge) + Antecedent (perception of barriers) + Behaviour (screening recommendation) | + Screening rate | ||
Hillman et al. [41] (USA) | RCT | Primary care providers | Breast, cervical, colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.12 Feedback about patients 2.1.2 Incentive to institution | No intervention | Ø Behaviour (screening recommendations) | N/A | ||
Hountz et al. [42] (USA) | QE | Nurses | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.6 Educate group 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 3.3.4 Change in technology Patient-directed strategy | No intervention | + Behaviour (screenings ordered) | + Test completion | ||
Kerfoot et al. [43] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians, nurses, physician assistants | Prostate | Outpatient | Screening - | 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance | No intervention | Antecedent (knowledge; N.R) + Behaviour (antigen screening deviations) | N/A | ||
Lane et al. [44] (USA) | QE | Primary care physicians | Breast | Outpatient | Screening | 1.5 Educate individual 1.13 Feedback from patients | No intervention | Ø Behaviour (screening referral) | N/A | ||
Lane et al. [45] (USA) | RCT | Physicians, nurses, physician assistants | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.1 Identify barriers 1.6 Educate group 1.8 Achieve consensus 3.1.2 Reallocated roles 3.1.3 Implementation team | No intervention | + Behaviour (screening referral) | N/A | ||
Ling et al. [46] (USA) | RCT | Family practice, internal medicine physicians | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.1 Identify barriers 1.6 Educate group 1.10 Provide alerts 3.1.6 Other—development of protocols 3.1.6 Other—changing intervention to facilitate ease of use Patient-directed strategy | 1.10 Provide alerts 1.6 Educate groups 3.1.6 Other—development of protocols Patient-directed strategy | N/A | + Test completion | ||
Manfredi et al. [47] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians | Breast, cervical, colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.3 Advertise guideline 1.4 Present guideline 1.6 Educate group 1.10 Provide alerts 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 3.3.5 Change in quality assurance | 1.3 Advertise guideline | N/A | + Test completion | ||
McDonald et al. [48] (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Cancer pain | Outpatient | Appropriate assessment/instruction practices | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.3 Advertise guideline 1.9 Provide reminders 3.1.1 Additional human resources | 1.3 Advertise guideline 1.9 Provide reminders | No intervention | Ø Behaviour (pain assessment) | Ø Symptom management and quality of life | |
RCT | Primary care physicians | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.1 Identify barriers 1.6 Educate group 1.9 Provide reminders 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 1.12 Feedback about patients | 1.9 Provide reminders | + Behaviour (screening) | + Screening rate | |||
Ornstein et al. [49] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians, nurses | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.4 Present guideline 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 1.12 Feedback about patients 1.15 Other—education on ‘best’ implementation strategies 3.1.2 Reallocated roles | 1.4 Present guideline materials 3.12 Reallocated roles | + Behaviour (method of screening) | + Test completion | ||
Patil et al. [50] (India) | QE | Physicians | N.R. | Outpatient | Appropriate symptom management | 1.3 Advertise guideline 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance 3.3.5 Change in quality assurance 4.1 Change in legislation | No intervention | + Behaviour (physician adherence; prescription overuse) | N/A | ||
Phillips et al. [51] (Australia) | QE | Nurses | Lung, breast, gynaecological, colorectal, other | Inpatient | Appropriate symptom management | 1.5 Educate individual 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance | No intervention | + Antecedent (knowledge) + Antecedent (confidence) + Behaviour (pain assessment and documentation) | N/A | ||
Raj et al. [52] (Norway) | QE | Oncologists | Breast, prostate, colorectal, lymphoma, lung, testicular, anal, upper gastrointestinal, other | Outpatient | Pain management | 1.12 Feedback about patients 3.3.4 Change in technology | No intervention | Ø Behaviour (prescription) | Ø Symptom management (pain outcomes) | ||
Rat et al. [53] (France) | RCT | General practitioners | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.12 Feedback about patients | 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance | No intervention | + Behaviour (screening) | N/A | |
Ray-Coquard et al. [54] (France) | QE | Physicians | Breast, colon | Outpatient | Appropriate treatment sequence (screening, procedures, continuity of care) | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.6 Educate group 1.7 Recruit opinion leader 1.8 Achieve consensus | No intervention | Behaviour (compliance with CPG; Ø breast; + colon) | N/A | ||
Ray-Coquard et al. [55] (France) | QE | Physicians | Breast, colon | Outpatient | Appropriate treatment sequence (screening, procedures, continuity of care) | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.6 Educate group 1.8 Achieve consensus | No intervention | + Behaviour (compliance with CPG) | N/A | ||
Roila et al. [56] (Italy) | RCT | Oncologist | Breast, lung, ovary, colorectal, other | Inpatient | Appropriate symptom management | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.6 Educate group 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance | 1.2 Distribute guideline 1.11 Feedback guideline compliance | 1.2 Distribute guideline | + Behaviour (prescription) | N/A | |
Sequist et al. [57] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.9 Provide reminders Patient-mediated strategy | 1.9 Provide reminders | Patient-mediated strategy | No intervention | Antecedent (attitude; N.R.) | Ø Screening rate + Detection of cancer |
Walsh et al. [58] (USA) | RCT | Primary care physicians | Colorectal | Outpatient | Screening | 1.1 Identify barriers 1.5 Educate individual 1.6 Educate group 1.7 Recruit opinion leader Patient-mediated strategy | 1.6 Educate groups | N/A | Ø Screening rate | ||
Wright et al. [67] (Canada) | RCT | Physicians | Colon | Outpatient | Accuracy of diagnosis | 1.5 Educate individual 1.6 Educate group 1.7 Recruit opinion leader 1.9 Provide reminders | 1.6 Educate groups | Ø Behaviour (staging) | N/A | ||