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Table 1 Characteristics of included papers

From: Avoiding unnecessary hospitalisation for patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review of implementation determinants for hospital avoidance programmes

Study

Country

Study type/design

Setting

Patient population

Sites

Chronic care condition

Type of hospital avoidance programme

Outcomes assessed

Acton et al. [50]

USA

Quantitative—RCT pilot

Hospital

Adult in-patients with type 1 or 2 DM, with home experience of using basal-bolus insulin

1

DM

Self-managed insulin

Length of stay

Axon et al. [51]

USA

Mixed methods

Various: hospital, home, hospices

CHF, COPD, pneumonia, AMI patients

68

CHF + COPD

1. Risk assessment

2. Education (teach back)

3. Follow-up (phone calls and appointments)

4. Transition (records, coaching), discharge summaries

5. Multidisciplinary rounds

Hospital readmissions

Benzo et al. [52]

USA

Qualitative

Hospital

Inpatient admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD

1

COPD

Pulmonary rehabilitation and exercise

Hospital readmissions

Fisher et al. [53]

USA

Qualitative

Hospital

Patients with severe exacerbations of COPD

7

COPD

Non-invasive ventilation

Length of stay

Hopkinson et al. [54]

UK

Mixed methods

Hospital

Inpatients admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD

1

COPD

1. Discharge care bundle

2. Post discharge follow-up phone call

Hospital readmissions

Lennox et al. [47]

UK

Qualitative

Hospital

Inpatients admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD

7

COPD

Care bundle

Hospital readmissions

Length of stay

Morton et al. [55]

UK

Mixed methods

Hospital

Admitted patients with acute exacerbation of COPD

31

COPD

Admission and discharge care bundles

Hospital readmissions

Nguyen et al. [56]

Canada

Mixed methods

Hospital

HF patients (> 65) attending the general hospital Heart Function Clinic

1

CHF

Technology-based decision support to support self-care in older HF patients and their care partners

Hospital readmissions

Seys et al. [57]

Belgium, Italy, and Portugal

Quantitative

Hospital

Inpatients admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD

19

COPD

Care pathway

Hospital readmissions

Willemse et al. [58]

Belgium

Qualitative

Primary and secondary care

Community-based CHF patients

7

CHF

Telemonitoring and self-management

Hospital readmissions

Wood et al. [59]

Study 1

USA

Quantitative

Hospital

Inpatients admitted with first diagnosis of HF in a military healthcare facility

1

CHF

Practice changes

1. Education tool which included instructions on medications, daily weights, exercise, sodium intake, reporting symptoms, recording follow-up appointments.

2. Making a patient follow-up appointment in HF facility within 10 days

Hospital readmissions

Wood et al. [59]

Study 2

USA

Quantitative

Hospital

Patients with a history of HF discharged to participating SNFs in a civilian healthcare facility

1

CHF

Handoff protocol established to aid in the transition of care from inpatient to outpatient setting

Hospital readmissions

Wright et al. [60]

New Zealand

Quantitative–RCT

Hospital

Admitted with first diagnosis or an exacerbation of pre-existing HF

1

CHF

Self-management

Hospital readmissions

Yeager et al. [61]

USA

Qualitative

Hospitals and health centres

> 65 years diagnosed with DM plus one other chronic condition and Medicare eligible

6

DM

Care coordination model

Hospital admissions

Emergency department presentations

  1. DM diabetes mellitus, CHF congestive heart failure, HF heart failure, AMI acute myocardial infarction, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SNF skilled nursing facility, RCT randomised controlled trial