Table 1 Published randomized controlled trials with moderate- to high-certainty evidence
Study | Study design | Type of intervention | Overall CS rate in % | Relative effect (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | Control | ||||||
Baseline | Post | Baseline | Post | ||||
Lomas [12] | Cluster RCT | Opinion leader education | 53.7* | 66.8* | Not reported | ||
Audit and feedback | 69.7* | 66.8* | |||||
Althabe [13] | Cluster RCT | Mandatory second opinion | 26.3 | 24.7 | 24.6 | 24.9 | ARR −1.9 (−3.8 to −0.1) |
Chaillet [14] | Cluster RCT | Audit and feedback | 22.5 | 21.8 | 23.2 | 23.5 | ARR −1.8 (−3.8 to −0.2) |
RCT | 8.5** | 7.6** | 8.5** | 9.0** | ARR −1.7 (−3.0 to −0.3) | ||
Mansoumi [15] | RCT | Antenatal education program for physiologic childbirth | 45.0 | 43.7 | RR 1.03 (0.72 to 1.49) | ||
Bergstrom [16] | RCT | Antenatal education on natural childbirth preparation with training in breathing and relaxation techniques | 59.9* | 63.0* | RR 0.95 (0.58 to 1.56) | ||
Fraser [17] | RCT | Individualized prenatal education and support program versus written information in pamphlet | 21.3 | 23.7 | RR 0.90 (0.74 to 1.11) | ||
Montgomery [18] | RCT | Computer-based decision aids (information program, decision analysis) | 48.6* | 49.6* | RR 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) | ||
Shorten [19] | RCT | Decision aid booklet during antenatal care | 49.4* | 52.2* | Not reported | ||
Bohren [11] | Meta-analysis | Companionship during labor | 12.3 | 15.0 | RR 0.75 (0.64 to 0.88) | ||