|
1.3 Goal setting (outcome)
|
1. Goals and planning
|
Provision of individual prescribing profiles depicting: (1) the proportion of adult bronchitis patients receiving antibiotic treatment (target 10 percent or less); (2) the proportion of these antibiotics belonging to a first-line group (erythromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline) (target 70% or more); and (3) the proportion of these antibiotics that are ineffective against proven bacterial causes of uncomplicated acute bronchitis (target 0%).
|
1
|
|
2.2 Feedback on behavior
|
2. Feedback and monitoring
|
Prescribing feedback, clinical audit with feedback
|
3
|
|
3.1 Social support (unspecified)
|
3. Social support
|
Interventions that inform best practice prescribing and that support health professionals manage patient expectations
|
1
|
|
3.2 Social support (practical)
|
3. Social support
|
This intervention will (1) provide a range of patient education materials to physician offices without charge, (2) provide ongoing information about antibiotic-use rates and resistance in the community, (3) provide feedback about prescribing by practice, and (4) serve as a general resource on issues of antibiotic prescribing and resistance
|
3
|
|
4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior
|
4. Shaping knowledge
|
Academic detailing to promote appropriate antibiotic use; practice guidelines which included with the patient profiles for adults with bronchitis and children with pharyngitis were compatible with those produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
|
15
|
|
4.2 Information about Antecedents
|
4. Shaping knowledge
|
Clinical practice guidelines for common respiratory illnesses
|
13
|
|
5.1 Information about health consequences
|
5. Natural consequences
|
A reference card providing easy-to-read facts about symptoms and treatments for ARIs
|
9
|
|
5.2 Salience of consequences
|
5. Natural consequences
|
Emphasis on AMR
|
2
|
|
8.2 Behavior substitution
|
8. Repetition and substitution
|
Prescription pads with explanations on symptoms and appropriate treatment options (to be given to patients instead of antibiotic prescriptions)
|
9
|
|
9.1 Credible source
|
9. Comparison of outcomes
|
Endorsement by CDC was designed to increase the credibility of key messages.
|
1
|
|
10.1 Material incentive (behavior)
|
10. Reward and threat
|
An intervention intends to reward physicians for reducing pharmacy costs for their patients, one component of which was to increase their prescribing of generic drugs
|
1
|
|
10.2 Material reward (behavior)
|
10. Reward and threat
|
Reward given to physicians for reducing pharmacy costs for their patients, one component of which was to increase their prescribing of generic drugs
|
1
|
|
12.1 Restructuring the physical environment
|
12. Antecedents
|
Waiting room materials (CDC posters and patient reference cards)
|
4
|
|
12.5 Adding objects to the environment
|
12. Antecedents
|
Mass media strategies were undertaken including advertising using billboards, television, radio and magazines.
|
10
|
|
14.2 Punishment
|
14. Scheduled consequences
|
Regulations that require prescriptions for antibiotics to be retained and registered in pharmacies and imposes fines to the owners of the pharmacies for non-compliance.
|
2
|
|
15
|
10
| |
75
|
