Table 5 Type of intervention of the controlled studies (n = 15)

Desveaux et al. 2017 [38]

Antipsychotic prescribing

Multifaceted

X

Educational outreach visits:

- Academic detailing (educational outreach) intervention delivered by registered health professionals following an intensive training program including relevant clinical issues and techniques to support health professional behavior change

Educational materials:

- Online practice reports

No

Evans et al. 1997 [39]

Restraint use

Single and multifaceted

X

Restraint education (RE) group

Educational meetings:

- Intensive education by a masters-prepared gerontologic nurse on restraint use

Restraint education-with-consultation (REC) group

Educational meetings:

- Intensive education by a masters-prepared gerontologic nurse

Educational outreach visits:

- Unit-based nursing consultation

Yes

Fitzpatrick 1997 [40]

Restraint use

Single and Multifaceted (2 groups)

X

Single faceted group

Educational materials:

- Educational program: restraint education in service administered in the form of a self-learning module and the option to construct a poster in each unit

Multifaceted group

Educational materials:

- Educational program: restraint education in service administered in the form of a self-learning module and the option to construct a poster in each unit.

- Critical care restraint decision guide (CCRDG).

No

Gulpers et al. 2011 [41]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

X

Educational meetings:

- Nursing home staff education

- Availability of alternative interventions

Educational outreach visits:

- Consultation by a nurse specialist aimed at nursing home staff

Local consensus processes:

- Promotion of institutional policy change that discourages use of belt restraint

Yes

Gulpers et al. 2013 [42]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

X

Educational meetings:

- Intensive educational program offered by two registered nurses with extensive experience in physical restraint reduction

- Availability of alternative interventions

Educational outreach visits:- Consultation from the two nurse specialists (who delivered the educational program) to individual nurses on the intervention wards

Local consensus processes:

- Policy change by the nursing home management, with new use of belts prohibited and current use reduced

Yes

Huang et al. 2009 [43]

Restraint use

Single

X

Educational meetings:

- Power-Point presentations

- Discussion

- Scenario reflections

Yes

Huizing et al. 2009 [45]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

Educational meetings:

- Educational program

Educational outreach visits:

- Consultation with a nurse specialist

No

Huizing et al. 2009 [44]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

Educational meetings:

- Educational program

Educational outreach visits:

- Consultation with a nurse specialist

No

Koczy et al. 2011 [46]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

X

X

Educational meetings:

- The training course included information on epidemiology, the side effects of restraint use, legal aspects and alternatives

Health information system:

- Technical aids, such as hip protectors and sensor mats

Tailored interventions:

- Problem-Solving Tools

- Advice by telephone from the research team

No

Kopke et al. 2012 [47]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

Educational meetings:

- Group sessions for all nursing staff

- Additional training for nominated key nurses

Educational materials:

- Supportive material for nurses, residents, relatives, and legal guardians.

Yes

Kwok et al. 2005 [48]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

X

Educational meetings:

- Education about how to use of the bed-chair pressure sensors and the importance of restraint reduction in improving patients’ outcomes

Health information system:

- Bed-chair pressure sensors

No

Lai et al. 2011 [49]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

X

Educational meetings:

- Staff education package

Educational outreach visits:

- Consult with the project team for uncertainties and on an individual

Organizational Culture

- The setup of a restraint reduction committee (RRC)

No

Pellfolk et al. 2010 [50]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

Educational meetings:

- One volunteer from each unit attended the whole education program

- Educational seminar

Educational materials:

- Videotaped lectures. Three of the lectures also included a clinical vignette presented in writing, which could be used for group discussions.

Yes

Testad et al. 2010 [51]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

Educational meetings:

- Two day seminar

- Monthly group guidance for six months

Educational materials:

- Teaching manual

Yes

Testad et al. 2016 [52]

Restraint use

Multifaceted

X

Educational meetings:

- Two day seminar

- Monthly seven step guidance groups for six months

Educational materials:

- Manual of the updated intervention and the seven-step guidance group

- Poster DMP model

Yes