Table 2 Conceptual framework for data extraction

Identify and prioritize low-value clinical practices

1) The public’s conceptual understanding of low-value care

2) The public’s involvement in identifying or prioritizing low-value practices for de-implementation

1) A survey asking members of the public to describe low-value care

2) Patient and provider co-creation of a priority list of practices for de-implementation

Assess barriers and facilitators to de-implementation

The public’s perception of barriers and facilitators to reducing low-value care

Exploring patient perspectives on the demand for low-value care

Select, tailor, and implement de-implementation intervention

Public involvement in developing interventions to reduce low-value care

Involving a patient representative in the design of an intervention to reduce a low-value practice

Evaluate de-implementation process and outcomes

The public’s involvement in the evaluation of outcomes of an initiative to reduce low-value care

Inclusion of patient-reported outcomes in an intervention to reduce the use of a low-value practice