Table 3 Table of evidence
No. | Author/Year | Purpose | Country | Study design | Participants | Disease | EVB IPC intervention | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Allegranzi et al. [32] | To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of WHO hand hygiene improvement strategy in low-income country | Mali | Pre/Post Design | 224 Healthcare workers (# of nurses not specified) | NA | Hand hygiene/washing | MAStARI 5 |
2 | Brown et al. [50] | To evaluate the impact, acceptability, and feasibility of a novel toolkit to prevent HIV | Kenya | Mixed methods | 10 HCWs (2 nurses) 40 HIV Patients (20 HIV+ women; 10 discordant couples) | HIV | HIV prevention/safe conception practices associated with HIV prevention | MMAT 50% |
3 | Brown et al. [51] | To assess the impact of an immunization training on knowledge and practice of HCWs | Nigeria | Pre-Post experimental design/RCT study | 69 HCWs (17 were nurses/midwives/CNO) | NA | Immunization | MAStARI 9 |
4 | Courtenay-Quirk et al. [52] | To identify key factors in bloodborne Pathogen Exposure (BPE) incidence, report, and Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) uptake to inform the development of a multi-component intervention strategy | Botswana Zambia Tanzania | Mixed methods | HCWs (2851 for all 3 countries; # of nurses not specified) | Any blood- borne pathogen | Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) | MMAT 50% |
5 | Dahinten et al. [53] | To describe the implementation and feasibility of the “Pratt Pouch,” a pre-packaged ARV medicated foil package for infants born to HIV+ mothers in non-healthcare facilities | Zambia | Pre/Post Design | 41 HCWs (16 nurse, 18 community health-care workers, and 7 pharmacists) 150 HIV+ pregnant women | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 7 |
6 | Durrheim et al. [54] | To study a novel surveillance system to address deficiencies in identifying infectious disease syndromes | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | 32 Nurses | Multiple (Polio, Cholera, Measles, Plague, Meningococcal disease, Yellow fever, Dysentery, Viral hemorrhagic fevers) | Surveillance/screening | MAStARI 8 |
7 | Elnour et al. [39] | To assess nursing and sanitation staff knowledge and practice regarding health care waste management | Sudan | Pre/Post Design | 200 HCWs (# of nurses not specified) 100 HCWs received training intervention; 100 HCWs were controls | NA | Waste management and proper disposal | MAStARI 9 |
8 | Farley et al. [55] | To develop and evaluate a nurse case management model and intervention using the tenants of the Chronic Care Model (CCM) to manage MDR-TB treatment for patients | South Africa | Pre/Post Design | 1 nurse case manager 40 MDR-TB patients | MDR-TB HIV | MDR-TB treatment/monitoring | MAStARI 5 |
9 | Fatti, G [56]. | To evaluate the effectiveness of a Quality Nurse Mentor (QNM) health systems strengthening intervention to improve PMTCT processes and outcomes | South Africa | Pre/Post Design | Number of nurses not directly stated All pregnant women attending material health facilities were eligible to enroll in intervention (specific #s of samples not specified) | HIV | PMTCT (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 5 |
10 | Gous et al. [57] | To assess the feasibility and accuracy of the implementation of a nurse-operated multiple POCT in 2 ART clinics | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | 3 Senior level nurses 793 HIV+ patients from 2 clinical sites | HIV | Point-of-care testing (POCT) | MAStARI 7 |
11 | Holmen et al. [58] | To improve hand hygiene (HH) compliance among physicians and nurses using the WHO’s guidelines | Rwanda | Pre/Post Design | HCWs (54 nurses; 12 physicians) | N/A | Hand hygiene (hand washing) | MAStARI 5 |
12 | Holmen et al. [33] | To assess the impact of hand hygiene (HH) programs aimed at improving compliance AND to identify unique challenges to HH sustainability | Rwanda | Pre/Post Design | HCWs(56 nurses; 11 physicians) | N/A | Hand hygiene (hand washing) | MAStaARI 5 |
13 | Howard et al. [59] | To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of a combination intervention package designed to improve isoniazid preventative therapy (IPT) initiation, adherence, and completion among PLHIV | Ethiopia | Mixed methods randomized cluster trial (RCT) (randomization occurred at the clinic level, not individual) | HCWs (10 nurses; 2 health officers; 9 peer educators) # of patients not specified; 10 out of 11 sites were selected for participation (patients pulled from these sites) | TB | IPT (TB therapy) | MAStARI 9 |
14 | Imani et al. [60] | To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 2 interventions: on-site support (OSS) and integrative management of infectious disease (IMID) for HCWs | Uganda | Mixed methods randomized cluster trial (RCT) (randomization occurred at the clinic level, not individual) | Mid-level professionals (including 20 nurses, 48 clinical officers, registered midwives) 2 MLP per site = 72 MLPs 687 total patients | Malaria, TB, HIV, and other childhood infectious diseases | Screening, diagnosis, therapy | MAStARI 8 |
15 | Jere et al. [61] | To assess the effects of a peer-to-peer intervention on rural HCWs universal precautions and client teaching | Malawi | Pre/Post Design | HCWs (clinicians, including nurses, and technicians; clinical support workers; non-clinical workers (no specific # of nurses) | HIV | Universal precautions AND HIV prevention associated with universal precautions | MAStARI 8 |
16 | Jones et al. [62] | To describe the educational and transcultural strategies employed to bridge the gap between IPC policy and clinical practice of HCWs | Tanzania | Qualitative study | HCWs (# nurses not specified) | NA | Standard Precautions/UP | QARI 8 |
17 | Jones-Konneh et al. [63] | To reveal the importance and effect of intensive education of HCWs during an Ebola (EVD) outbreak | Sierra Leone | Cross-sectional study | HCWs (# nurses not specified) | Ebola | Standard precautions and transmission- based precautions for EVD prevention | MAStARI 5 |
18 | Kaponda et al. [64] | To evaluate the impact of a peer group intervention on work-related knowledge and behavior on universal precautions among HCWs | Malawi | Pre/Post Design | Roughly 561 HCWs (clinicians, including nurses, and technicians; clinical support workers; non-clinical workers (no specific # of nurses) 678 Patients | HIV | Universal precautions AND HIV prevention associated with universal precautions | MAStARI 5 |
19 | Karari et al. [65] | To evaluate the uptake, acceptability, and effectiveness of Uliza: a telephone consultation service for HCWs | Kenya | Prospective cohort study | 296 HCWs (188 physicians, 66 nurses, 23 medical officers. 2 pharmacy technicians, and 17 other) | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStART 7 |
20 | Kerrigan et al. [66] | To explore the feasibility and acceptability of three active case finding strategies for TB to inform their optimal implementation in a larger, randomized, cluster trail | South Africa | Qualitative study | 25 participants (10 HCWs (# nurses not specified), 8 TB patients, and 7 family members of TB patients) | TB | TB screening/active case finding | QARI 8 |
21 | Kunzmann et al. [67] | To develop and implement an evidence-based bundle of care (Best Care Always) to prevent pediatric VAP | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (doctors and nurses) (# of nurses not specified) | VAP | “Best Care Always:” an evidence- based HCAI prevention bundle | MAStARI 6 |
22 | Labhardt et al. [68] | To assess the availability of equipment and staff knowledge of PMTCT | Cameroon | Pre/Post Design | HCWs (no denominator provided; study states 42% were staff nurses; 40% were registered nurses; 18% care assistance among nurse-lead facilities (physicians were also included in this study) | HIV | PMTCT (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 5 |
23 | Levy et al. [69] | To describe a successful partnership to implement a national IPC training and PPE supply program in all Primary Health Units (PHUs) | Sierra Leone | Cross-sectional study | 4264 HCWs (# of cadres not specified) | Ebola | Standard precautions and transmission- based precautions for EVD prevention | MAStARI 6 |
24 | Lewin et al. [70] | To assess whether adding a training intervention for clinic staff to usual DOTS strategy for TB would affect TB treatment outcomes | South Africa | Clustered RCT (randomization occurred at the clinic level; total number of clincis-24 (with 50 patients per clinic) | HCWs (doctors, nurses, educators, clerical staff, CHWs) # of nurses not specified Roughly 1200 patients | TB | TB therapy | MAStARI 11 |
25 | Liautaud et al. [71] | To examine the effectiveness of a 1-year certificate program in IPC and occupational health (OH) aimed at empowering HCWs to act as change agents for improving workplace-based HIV and TB prevention | South Africa | Mixed methods | 32 HCWs (56% were nurses) | HIV TB | HIV/TB IPC | MMAT 75% |
26 | Liu et al. [72] | To describe the Chinese response to the Ebola epidemic in Liberia | Liberia | Cross-sectional study | HCWs (nurses, social workers, cleaners, and technicians) # nurses not specified | Ebola | Ebola ETU safe design/layout for patient isolation and infection reduction; standard precautions; transmission-based precautions | MAStARI 7 |
27 | Mahomed et al. [73] | To evaluate infection control in intensive care units (ICUs) using the Infection Control Assessment Tool (ICAT) | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | Nurses (# not specified) | NA | IPC Practices (including standard precautions and transmission-based precautions) | MAStARI 6 |
28 | Miceli et al. [74] | To describe the Integrated Infectious Disease Capacity Building Evaluation approach to integrating advances in health professional educational theory in the context of primary healthcare system | Uganda | Pre/Post Design | 72 HCWs (clinical officers, nursing officers) # of nurses not specified (36 sites total) | Infectious Diseases (emphasis on HIV, TB, and malaria) | HIV prevention/ART, TB screening/therapy, malaria screening/therapy | MAStARI 7 |
29 | Mbombo & Bimerew [75] | To evaluate students’ clinical performance on PMTCT competencies integrated into the standard nursing curriculum and to determine the effectiveness and relevance PMTCT training program | South Africa | Pre/Post Design | 154 student nurses | HIV | PMTCT (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 5 |
30 | Ogoina et al. [76] | To describe the experiences of a tertiary teaching hospital in preparing and responding to the 2014 EVD outbreak | Nigeria | Multi-modal | HCWs (70 doctors, 61 nurses, and 59 other medical staff) | Ebola | Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions for EVD prevention | MAStARI 7 QARI 7 |
31 | Otu et al. [77] | To assess the effect of using a tablet computer application to deliver an educational intervention to change HCWs EVD-related knowledge and attitudes | Nigeria | Pre/Post Design | 203 HCWs (94 CHWs, 26 nurses, 8 lab staff, and 75 other | Ebola | Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions for EVD prevention | MAStARI 5 |
32 | Parker et al. [78] | To describe the results of an evaluation of the impact of a low-cost, brief nursing intervention on the utilization of Safe Water System (SWS) and knowledge of proper hand-washing | Kenya | Pre/Post Design | 11 Nurses | NA | Safe Water System (Hand hygiene) | MAStARI 5 |
33 | Richards et al. [79] | To describe the implementation and impact of a bundle to reduce CLASI in the Netcare group of private hospitals | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (# nurses not specified) | NA | “Best Care Always:” an evidence- based HCAI prevention bundle | MAStARI 7 |
34 | Samuel et al. [80] | To examine the feasibility of adherence to quality standards once established, with reference to hand washing practice as a measure of infection prevention | Eritrea | Qualitative study | HCWs (10 physicians, 10 nurses, 14 health assistants and support staff) 30 patients | NA | Hand hygiene (hand washing) | QARI 8 |
35 | Schmitz et al. [81] | To define baseline rates of HCW hand hygiene adherence and assess the impact of implementing the WHO Multi-modal Hand Hygiene Strategy at an academic hospital | Ethiopia | Pre/Post Design | 1000 HCWs (505 physicians, 291 medical students, 144 nurses, and 60 other) | NA | Hand hygiene/washing | MAStARI 5 |
36 | Shumbusho et al. [82] | To evaluate the results of a pilot program of nurse-centered ART | Rwanda | Retrospective cohort study | 3 Nurses (at 3 health centers) | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStART 7 |
37 | Speare et al. [83] | To describe the results of a training strategy for communicable disease control nurses | South Africa | Cross-sectional study | 20 Nurses | NA | Surveillance/screening | MAStARI 6 |
38 | Tillerkeratne et al. [84] | To determine whether a multi-faceted intervention targeting health care personnel would reduce CAUTI rate in a public hospital | Kenya | Pre/Post Design | Roughly 44 HCWs (nurses and clinical officers) # nurses not specified | NA | CAUTI Infection Prevention and Control | MARtARI 5 |
39 | Uneke et al. [34] | To promote the adoption of the WHO HH guidelines to enhance compliance among doctors and nurses and improve patient safety in a teaching hospital | Nigeria | Cross-sectional study | 202 HCWs (39 physicians and 163 nurses) | NA | Hand hygiene/washing | MAStARI 6 |
40 | Uneke et al. [85] | To assess the impact of a stethoscope disinfection campaign among doctors and nurses | Nigeria | Pre/Post Design | HCWs (39 physicians and 163 nurses) | NA | Disinfection (of medical equipment) | MAStARI 5 |
41 | Van Rie et al. [86] | To evaluate the implementation of three models of provider-initiated HIV counseling and testing for TB patients | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Cross-sectional study | 10 HCWs (6 research nurses, 2 VCT staff, 1 counselor/nurse, 1 TB nurse (1238 patients at 3 TB clinics) | HIV TB | HIV Counseling/Testing AND TB Prophylaxis | MAStARI 7 |
42 | Wanyu et al. [87] | To describe the introduction, successes, and challenges implementing a PMTCT program using trained birth attendants | Cameroon | Cross-sectional study | 30 Trained Birth Attendants (42 mother-newborn dyads) | HIV | PMTCT (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 7 |
43 | Welty et al. [88] | To describe how the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board (CBHHB) successfully integrated PMTCT into routine antenatal care | Cameroon | Cross-sectional study | 690 Nurse, midwives, nurse aids, and trained birth attendants | HIV | PMTCT (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 7 |
44 | White et al. [89] | To evaluate three different methods of checklist training by assessing change in behavior at 3–6 months post training on the WHO Surgical safety checklist | Guinea | Cross-sectional study | HCWs (4 surgeons, 7 anesthetists, and 2 ward nurses) | NA | IPC Practices during surgeries (disinfection of equipment, decontamination of equipment, disinfection of environment) | MAStARI 6 |
45 | Xi et al. [90] | To investigate the importance of supervision through video surveillance in improving the quality of personal protection in preparing health care workers working in Ebola treatment units | Liberia | Cross sectional study | HCWs (23 physicians; 8 nurses) | Ebola | PPE use | MAStARI 7 |
46 | Zaeh et al. [91] | To evaluate the impact of a cost-effective quality improvement intervention targeting active TB cases and provision of IPT among those without active TB disease | Ethiopia | Pre/Post Design | 4 HCWs (2 physicians; 2 nurses) 751 HIV+ patients | HIV TB | TB screening/IPT Prophylaxis | MAStARI 5 |
47 | *Bedelu et al. [92] | To describe how the integration of HIV care and treatment into primary health care in Lusikisiki overcome some of the challenges of working in a resource-limited rural area, to achieve good treatment outcomes and clinical outcomes | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (nurses and community health workers) (# of nurses not specified) 2200 patients | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 7 |
48 | Elden et al. [38] | To implement and evaluate a program of intensive case finding for TB into a high HIV prevalence, low resource, rural setting | Swaziland | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (nurses and HIV counselors) (# of nurses not specified) 1467 HIV patients | TB | TB screening/intensive case finding | MAStARI 6 |
49 | Charalambous et al. [93] | To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a specialist clinical service for HIV-infected mineworkers | South Africa | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (physicians, nurses) (3 nurses) 1773 patients | HIV TB | ART (HIV therapy) TB screening/INH therapy | MAStARI 6 |
50 | Fairall et al. [40] | To assess the effects on mortality, viral suppression, and other health outcomes and quality indicators of the Streamlining Tasks and Roles to Expand Treatment and Care for HIV (STRETCH) program | South Africa | Clustered RCT (randomization occurred at the clinic level; total number of clincis-31 | 103 nurses (this number represents the number of nurses trained in the intervention group) | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 10 |
51 | Harrison et al. [94] | To evaluate the implementation of syndrome packets and healthcare worker training of sexually-transmitted diseases | South Africa | Clustered RCT (randomized at the clinic level; total of 10 clinics) | 5 nurses (one from each intervention clinic) | Sexually- transmitted diseases | STD Syndromic case management | MAStARI 11 |
52 | Naidoo et al. [95] | To measure knowledge changes among HCWs who participated in a TB training program and make recommendations for future TB trainings | South Africa | Pre/Post Design | 267 HCWs (physicians, nurses, and other HCWs) (171 nurses, # of physicians or other HCWs not specified) | TB | TB diagnosis, treatment, and treatment monitoring | MAStARI 5 |
53 | Morris et al. [96] | To describe experiences with task-shifting in Lusaka in a large public sector ART program | Zambia | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (Clinical officers, which practice as NPs, nurses, and peer educators) 71,000 patients | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 6 |
54 | Perez et al. [97] | To report on activities and lessons learned during the first 18-months of a rural program of PMTCT of HIV | Zimbabwe | Prospective cohort study | 20 nurses and midwives 2308 patients | HIV | PMTCT (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 7 |
55 | Sanne et al. [98] | To assess the efficacy of “doctor-initiated-nurse-monitored” ART to doctor-initiated-doctor-monitored” ART using a composite endpoint reflecting both treatment outcomes and patient management | South Africa | RCT | HCWs (2 physicians, 2 nurses) (812 patients) | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStART 7 |
56 | Ssekabira et al. [99] | To evaluate the impact of a training on the quality case management in 8 health facilities roughly one-year after the implementation of artemether-lumefantrine as a recommended 1st-line treatment regimen | Uganda | Pre/Post Design | 170 HCWs at 8 sites (each site had 1 MO, 2 CO, 5 nurses, 5 midwives, 4 nursing assistants, 1 dental officer, 1 lab tech, 1 lab assistant, 1 records officer, 1 educator, 1 health assistant) (Roughly 112 nurses) 76,705 patients | Malaria | Malaria screening, diagnosis, treatment | MAStART 5 |
57 | Sserwanga et al. [100] | To describe the impact of a sentinel site malaria surveillance system promoting laboratory testing and rational antimalarial drug use | Uganda | Prospective cohort study | HCWs AT 6 sites (each site had 1 MO, 2 CO, 5 nurses, 5 midwives, 4 nursing assistants, 1 dental officer, 1 lab tech, 1 lab assistant, 1 records officer, 1 educator, 1 health assistant) (Roughly 84 nurses) 424,701 patients | Malaria | Malaria screening/surveillance/ intensive case finding | MAStARI 7 |
58 | Stringer et al. [101] | To report the feasibility and early outcomes of scaling up an ART program | Zambia | Prospective cohort study | HCWs (# nurses not specified) 21,755 patients | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 8 |
59 | Umulisa et al. [102] | To describe a multi-strategy intervention with a focus on ensuring stable water supply to improve hand hygiene compliance in a district hospital | Rwanda | Pre/Post Design | HCWs (physicians, nurses, student nurses) | NA | Hand hygiene/washing | MAStARI 5 |
60 | Driessche et al. [103] | To develop and evaluate training materials for provider-initiated HIV counseling, testing, prevention involved in care of patients with TB at the primary health care clinic level | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Pre/Post Design | 65 HCWs completed post-test assessment (7 physicians, 38 nurses; 16 lab techs, 4 district supervisors) | HIV | HIV Counseling/Testing AND TB testing/therapy | MAStARI 5 |
61 | Workneh et al. [104] | To report on the effectiveness of a clinical mentoring program at decentralized ART sites dedicated to promoting the scale-up of quality pediatric HIV care and treatment | Botswana | Retrospective cohort study | HCWs (physicians, nurses) (# of nurses not specified) 374 patient charts | HIV | ART (HIV therapy) | MAStARI 6 |