Fig. 1

Number and types of practices who were enrolled, allocated, and analyzed in the COMBAT study. Our primary outcome includes all practices that were randomized and that recruited at least one eligible patient during the study period; seventeen practices in the intervention group and nineteen practices in the control group did not recruit any eligible patients during the study period. Our secondary outcome includes only practices that offered a resource (secondary outcome measure) at least once; seven practices in the intervention group and nine practices in the control group never offered the resource. Our tertiary outcome was abstinence from smoking, and alcohol consumption within the CCS guidelines, measured via a 6-month follow-up survey sent to all eligible patients. In the intervention group, 1332 patients (46% of eligible patients) from 89 practices had answered the follow-up survey; patients from the remaining four practices did not answer the follow-up survey. In the control group, 1346 patients (48% of eligible patients) from 85 practices had answered the follow-up survey; patients from the remaining seven practices did not answer the follow-up survey