From: Clinical performance comparators in audit and feedback: a review of theory and evidence
Performance comparators | n (%) |
---|---|
Benchmarks | 88 (60.3) |
 Reference group | |
  Region | 39 (24.7) |
  State or province | 26 (17.8) |
  Country | 21 (14.4) |
  Unit or department, e.g. individual physicians within a hospital | 12 (8.2) |
  Multistate | 5 (3.4) |
  Same type units, e.g. teaching hospitals | 3 (2.1) |
  Other: city or small group | 4 (2.7) |
 Values | |
  Mean | 37 (25.3) |
  Individual peer scores—anonymous or unclear if identifiable | 23 (15.8) |
  Top 10% mean (or ABC benchmarka) | 7 (4.8) |
  Median | 6 (4.1) |
  Other percentiles, e.g. 75th or 80th percentile | 6 (4.1) |
  Rank or percentile rank | 4 (2.7) |
  Individual peer scores—identifiable | 3 (2.1) |
  Other, e.g. min-max or standard deviation | 3 (2.1) |
  Unclear | 22 (15.1) |
Trends | 17 (9.6) |
 Reference period | |
  Previous 1–6 quarters | 7 (4.8) |
  Previous 1–12 months | 4 (2.7) |
  Previous 1–6 half years | 2 (1.4) |
  Previous 1–15 weeks | 2 (1.4) |
  Previous 1 year | 1 (0.7) |
  Unclear | 1 (0.7) |
Explicit targets | 16 (11.0) |
 Source | |
  Investigators | 5 (3.4) |
  Feedback recipients or local management (i.e. self-set targets) | 5 (3.4) |
  Expert panel | 3 (2.1) |
  Other: government or guideline | 3 (2.1) |
  Unclear | 1 (0.7) |
 Values | |
  Absolute targets, e.g. 80% performance level | 6 (4.1) |
  Relative targets based on benchmarking, e.g. 80th percentile of baseline peer performance | 6 (4.1) |
  Relative targets based on trends, e.g. 20% improvement from baseline | 3 (2.1) |
  Unclear | 1 (0.7) |
No comparators or unclear | 48 (32.9) |