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Table 10 Tentative best practices for feedback interventions compared to CP-FIT

From: Clinical Performance Feedback Intervention Theory (CP-FIT): a new theory for designing, implementing, and evaluating feedback in health care based on a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research

Brehaut et al. [11]

Ivers et al. [5]

CP-FIT variables

Address credibility of the information.

Data are valid

Accuracy

Source—knowledge and skill

Function

Delivery comes from a trusted source

Source—knowledge and skill

Provide feedback as soon as possible and at a frequency informed by the number of new patient cases

Data are based on recent performance

Timeliness

Provide individual rather than general data.

Data are about the individual/team’s own behaviour(s)

Specificity

Provide multiple instances of feedback.

Audit cycles are repeated, with new data presented over time

Multiple instances of feedback are inherent to the feedback cycle (Fig. 3).

Provide feedback in more than 1 way.

Presentation is multi-modal including either text and talking or text and graphical materials

Active delivery

Choose comparators that reinforce desired behaviour change

The target performance is provided

Benchmarking

Trend

Feedback includes comparison data with relevant others

Recommend actions that can improve and are under the recipient’s control.

Targeted behaviour is likely to be amenable to feedback

Controllability

Performance level

Recipients are capable and responsible for improvement

Recommend actions that are consistent with established goals and priorities

Goals set for the target behaviour are aligned with personal and organisational priorities

Importance

Relevance

Workflow alignment

Recommend specific actions

Goals for target behaviour are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound

Action planning

Problem solving

Peer discussion

A clear action plan is provided when discrepancies are evident

Closely link the visual display and summary message

N/A

Usability

Minimise extraneous cognitive load for feed- back recipients.

N/A

Prioritisation

Usability

Provide short, actionable messages followed by optional detail.

N/A

Patient lists

Prioritisation

Address barriers to feedback use.

N/A

CP-FIT in its entirety can be used to address barriers

Prevent defensive reactions to feedback.

N/A

Function

Construct feedback through social interaction.

N/A

Peer discussion