Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Size, # of students

580 (195.86)

290

1225

% free or reduced lunch

77.90 (31.74)

3.6

100

% enrolled in special education services

14.09 (4.87)

6

32

% Black/African American

40.41 (33.27)

< 1

96

% White

25.20 (26.01)

0

79

% Asian

8.36 (10.81)

0

48

% Hispanic/Latino

16.44 (17.09)

1

76

% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander

.16 (.32)

0

2

% American Indian/Alaskan Native

.24 (.25)

0

1

% Other race

9.18 (3.45)

2

17

Principals (n = 58)

Teachers (n = 86)

Classroom staff (n = 161)

Age in years (M (SD))

47.8 (7.5)

37.5 (11.2)

42.6 (12.5)

Years experience teaching special education (M (SD))

–

8.4 (6.8)

–

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

 Female

37 (63.8)

82 (95.0)

145 (90.1)

 Male

21 (36.2)

4 (5.0)

14 (8.7)

 Not provided

–

–

2 (1.2)

 White

33 (56.9)

71 (82.6)

86 (53.4)

 Black

21 (36.3)

10 (11.6)

59 (36.6)

 Asian

2 (3.4)

2 (2.3)

6 (3.7)

 American Indian/Alaskan Native

–

2 (2.3)

–

 Multiethnic

2 (3.4)

–

3 (1.9)

 Not provided

–

1 (1.2)

7 (4.4)

 High School

–

–

25 (15.5)

 Some College

–

–

40 (24.8)

 Bachelor’s degree

3 (5.2)

12 (13.9)

48 (29.8)

 Graduate/professional degree

53 (91.4)

72 (83.7)

43 (26.7)

 Vocational

–

–

4 (2.5)

 Other

2 (3.4)

1 (1.2)

1 (0.7)

 Not provided

–

1 (1.2)

–