Table 1 Study characteristicsa
From: Middle managers’ role in implementing evidence-based practices in healthcare: a systematic review
Characteristic | N (%) |
|---|---|
Study objective | |
Assess implementation determinants | 51 (48.6) |
Assess middle managers’ role | 13 (12.4) |
Assess perceptions of EBP | 9 (8.6) |
Assess implementation outcomes | 9 (8.6) |
Assess EBP effectiveness | 5 (4.8) |
Other | 18 (17.1) |
Setting | |
Hospital/inpatient | 39 (37.1) |
Outpatient | 24 (22.9) |
Long-term care facility | 9 (8.6) |
Multiple | 19 (18.1) |
Other | 14 (13.3) |
Country | |
USA | 38 (36.2) |
UK | 18 (17.1) |
Canada | 12 (11.4) |
Australia | 11 (10.5) |
Other | 26 (24.8) |
EBP | |
Regulations, policies, and guidelines | 23 (21.9) |
Technological innovation (e.g., surgical instrument, MRI) | 10 (9.5) |
Administrative innovations | 16 (15.2) |
Operational innovation (e.g., QI initiative to improve lab ordering) | 11 (10.5) |
Human resources development (e.g., training staff) | 10 (9.5) |
Multiple (i.e., the study included multiple EBPs) | 15 (14.3) |
Other | 20 (19) |
Phase of implementation in which middle managers’ role assessed | |
During implementation | 32 (30.5) |
Post-implementation | 19 (18.1) |
Pre-implementation | 3 (2.9) |
Multiple phases | 33 (31.4) |
Unable to determine | 18 (17.1) |
Design | |
Observational | 92 (87.6) |
Quasi-experimental | 9 (8.6) |
Experimental | 4 (3.8) |
Method | |
Qualitative | 56 (53.3) |
Mixed | 41 (39.1) |
Quantitative | 8 (7.6) |
Data collection | |
Middle manager as source | |
Yes | 90 (85.7) |
No | 9 (8.6) |
Unable to determine | 6 (5.7) |
Unit of data collection | |
Individual | 76 (72.4) |
Organizational | 5 (4.8) |
Both | 24 (22.9) |
Source | |
Focus groups | 1 (1.0) |
Observation | 2 (1.9) |
Survey | 4 (3.8) |
Interview | 32 (30.5) |
Multiple | 54 (51.4) |
Questionnaire | 8 (7.6) |
Secondary data analysis | 4 (3.8) |
Questionnaire usedb | |
No | 65 (61.9) |
Yes | 39 (37.1) |
Unable to determine | 1 (0.9) |
Questionnaire validated (n = 39) | |
No | 16 (40) |
Yes | 10 (25) |
Unable to determine | 13 (35) |
Unit of analysis | |
Individual | 40 (38.1) |
Organizational | 38 (36.2) |
Both | 27 (25.7) |