Table 2 Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research Constructs as examined by this study (adapted from Damschroder et al.) [17]

CFIR #1: Characteristics of intervention

#1.1 Intervention source development and implementation decision-making process

#1.2 Strength and quality of evidence to support choice of intervention

#1.3 Relative advantage of implementing intervention versus an alternative

#1.4 Adaptability of intervention to meet local needs

#1.5 Trialability of intervention prior to implementation

#1.6 Complexity and difficulty of implementation

#1.7 Design quality and packaging of intervention

#1.8 Costs associated with implementation

CFR #2: Outer setting (external organisational environment)

#2.1 Patient needs and resources met in relation to implementation barriers/enablers

#2.2 Cosmopolitanism (organisation networks with other external organisations)

#2.3 Peer pressure to implement intervention

#2.4 External policy and incentives (mandates, strategies) to spread intervention uptake

CFIR #3: Inner setting (internal organisational environment)

#3.1 Structural characteristics of the organisation, such as maturity, age and size

#3.2 Networks and communications (informal or formal) within organisation

#3.3 Culture, norms, values and basic assumptions of the organisation

#3.4 Implementation climate (receptivity, compatibility, relative priority, incentives for change)

#3.5 Readiness for implementation (leadership engagement and commitment, available resources, access to knowledge, information incorporated into work tasks)

CFIR #4: Characteristics of program implementers (facilitators)

#4.1 Knowledge and beliefs about the intervention and value placed on intervention

#4.2 Self-efficacy/belief in own capabilities to implement intervention to achieve goals

#4.3 Individual stage of change (level of preparedness to implement intervention)

#4.4 Individual identification with the organisation (relationship and commitment to organisation)

#4.5 Other personal attributes (learning styles, capacity, competency, motivation, etc.)

CFIR #5: Implementation process

#5.1 Planning processes for implementation

#5.2 Engagement strategies (with opinion leaders, internal leaders, champions, external change agents, key stakeholders)

#5.3 Executing according to implementation plan

#5.4 Reflecting and evaluating (qualitative and quantitative feedback on progress)