Pay-for-performance as a cost-effective implementation strategy: results from a cluster randomized trial

Table 3 Cost-effectiveness results

Contrast and indicator	Process measures per treatment organization		Outcome measures per patient
Contrast and indicator	Therapist months of A-CRA competence	Patients receiving target A-CRA	Days of abstinence per patient	QALYs per patient
IAU±P4P versus IAU
Incremental cost	$3338	$3338	$103	$103
Incremental effectiveness	10.02	7.37	12.72	0.0119
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio*	$333	$453	$8.134	$8681

Note: *The ICER for cost per QALY ($8681) was calculated as $8.134 × 365/0.342 with a 95% confidence interval of $1191 to $16,171. IAU indicates implementation-as-usual, P4P indicates pay-for-performance, QALY indicates quality-adjusted life year, A-CRA indicates adolescent community reinforcement approach

ISSN: 1748-5908