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Table 1 Treatment and comparison states

From: Protocol: mixed-methods study to evaluate implementation, enforcement, and outcomes of U.S. state laws intended to curb high-risk opioid prescribing

Treatment state, effective date

Study period

Eligible comparison states (“control pool”)

See footnotes for opioid prescribing legal environment criteria used to select control pool states

Mandatory PDMP enrollment law

 CO, 1/1/15

1/1/13–12/31/16

IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

 ID, 7/1/14

7/1/12–6/30/16

CA, IA, KS, MI, MN, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

 IL, 9/9/15

9/9/13–8/8/17

IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

 NM, 1/1/11

1/1/09–12/31/12

AL, CO, CT, ID, IN, IA, MA, MI, MN, NV, NY, ND, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA, WY1

 UT, 9/30/10

9/30/08–9/29/12

AL, CO, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NV, NY, OK, PA, RI, SC, VA, WV, WY1

Mandatory PDMP query law

 IN, 11/1/14

11/1/12–10/31/16

CA, IA, KS, MI, MN, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

 NY, 8/27/13

8/27/11–8/26/15

CA, CO, IA, KS, MI, MN, NV, NJ, ND, OR, RI, SC, SD, WY1

 OK, 11/1/15

11/1/13–10/31/17

IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

 PA, 6/30/15

6/30/13–6/29/17

IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

 VA, 7/1/15

7/1/13–6/30/17

IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1

Prescribing cap law

 CT, 7/1/16

7/1/15–6/30/18

IN, NH, NJ, PA, VA, VT3,4

 NH, 7/1/18

7/1/16–6/31/20

IN, NJ, OK, PA, and VA3

 NY, 7/1/16

7/1/15–6/30/18

IN, NH, NJ, PA, VA, VT3,4

 RI, 7/1/16

7/1/15–6/30/18

IN, NH, NJ, PA, VA, VT3,4

 VT, 7/1/18

7/1/16–6/31/20

IN, NJ, OK, PA, VA3

Pill mill law

 MS, 3/1/11

3/1/09–2/28/13

AL, CO, ID, IN, IA, MI, NV, NY, ND, OK, PA, RI, SC, VA, WY2

 OH, 7/1/2011

7/1/09–6/30/13

AL, CO, ID, IN, IA, MA, MI, NV, NY, ND, OK, PA, RI, SC, VA, WY2

 TX, 9/1/10

9/1/08–8/31/12

AL, CO, CT, ID, IL, IN, KT, MA, MI, NV, NY, OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, VA, WV, WY2

  1. 1Treatment states transitioned from having a voluntary PDMP law in the pre-law period to a mandatory PDMP enrollment/query law in the post-law period; all treatment/control pool states had voluntary PDMP, physical exam, and doctor shopping laws—and no other laws of interest or potentially confounding laws—in effect for the entire study period
  2. 2Treatment/control pool states had voluntary PDMP, physical exam, and doctor shopping laws—and no other laws of interest or potentially confounding laws—in effect for the entire study period
  3. 3Treatment/control pool states had physical exam, doctor shopping, and mandatory PDMP query laws—and no other laws of interest or potentially confounding laws—in effect for the entire study period
  4. 4Three-year study period (1 year pre-law/2 years post-law). If a 4-year study period is applied, Indiana is the only eligible control pool state
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Implementation Science

ISSN: 1748-5908