| Mean and standard deviation | Mean difference and Cohen’s D | Repeated-measures ANOVA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual competency level | Pre | 6 month | 18 month | Pre-6 month | 6–18 month | Pre-18 month | F value |
Beginner | 2.98 ± 0.63 | 3.84 ± 0.63 | 4.23 ± 0.57 | − 0.87*** d = 1.38 | − 0.39*** d = 0.65 | − 1.26*** d = 2.10 | F = 73.56*** |
Intermediate | 2.55 ± 0.67 | 3.41 ± 0.58 | 3.76 ± 0.56 | − 0.87*** d = 1.38 | − 0.35** d = 0.61 | −1.21*** d = 1.95 | F = 63.45*** |
Advanced | 2.04 ± 0.66 | 3.04 ± 0.60 | 3.25 ± 0.85 | − 0.99*** d = 1.58 | − 0.21 d = 0.29 | − 1.21*** d = 1.59 | F = 34.17*** |