Table 3 Unadjusted intervention effect on change in implementation of 18 treatments
Treatment | Time | Estimated % of times implemented (95% CI) | Effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Facilitated (F) group | n | Passive (P) group | (ChangeF-ChangeP) % (95% CI) | ||
1. Sit-to-stand*†‡§ | Pre | 647 | 20.4 (17.3, 23.5) | 193 | 36.3 (29.5, 43.1) |  |
Post | 276 | 39.1 (33.4, 44.9) | 265 | 33.6 (27.9, 39.3) | ||
Change |  | 18.7 (12.2, 25.3) |  | −2.7 (−11.5, 6.2) | 21.4 (10.4, 32.4) | |
2. LE ROM and/or stretching (i.e. to prevent spasticity and contractures)‡ | Pre | 151 | 15.9 (10.1, 21.7) | 118 | 8.5 (3.4, 13.5) |  |
Post | 143 | 10.5 (5.5, 15.5) | 135 | 17.8 (11.3, 24.2) | ||
Change |  | −5.4 (−13.1, 2.3) |  | 9.3 (1.1, 17.5) | −14.7 (−26.0, −3.5) || | |
3. Use of LE external support (i.e. brace)‡§ | Pre | 647 | 7.3 (5.3, 9.3) | 193 | 15.0 (10.0, 20.1) |  |
Post | 276 | 8.7 (5.4, 12.0) | 265 | 17.4 (12.8, 21.9) | ||
Change |  | 1.4 (−2.5, 5.3) |  | 2.3 (−4.5, 9.1) | −0.9 (−8.7, 6.9) | |
4. Task-specific training (i.e. stairs)*†‡ | Pre | 151 | 31.8 (24.3, 39.2) | 118 | 26.3 (18.3, 34.2) |  |
Post | 143 | 38.5 (30.5, 46.5) | 135 | 37.8 (29.6, 46.0) | ||
Change |  | 6.7 (−4.3, 17.6) |  | 11.5 (0.1, 22.9) | −4.8 (−20.6, 11.0) | |
5. Training for sitting balance*†| Pre | 151 | 23.8 (17.0, 30.7) | 118 | 17.0 (10.2, 23.7) |  |
Post | 143 | 17.5 (11.2, 23.7) | 135 | 25.2 (17.9, 32.5) | ||
Change |  | −6.4 (−15.6, 2.9) |  | 8.2 (−1.8, 18.2) | −14.6 (−28.2, −1.0) || | |
6. Training for standing balance†‡ | Pre | 151 | 51.7 (43.7, 59.6) | 118 | 36.4 (27.7, 45.1) |  |
Post | 143 | 52.5 (44.2, 60.7) | 135 | 60.0 (51.7, 68.3) | ||
Change |  | 0.8 (−10.7, 12.2) |  | 23.6 (11.6, 35.6) | −22.8 (−39.4, −6.2) | |
7. FES for the LE†| Pre | 151 | 0.7 (−0.6, 2.0) | 118 | 0 (0, 0) |  |
Post | 143 | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.1) | 135 | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.2) | ||
Change |  | 0 (−1.9, 1.9) |  | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.2) | −0.7 (−3.1, 1.7) | |
8. Walking practice†‡§ | Pre | 647 | 15.9 (13.1, 18.7) | 193 | 31.6 (25.0, 38.2) |  |
Post | 276 | 39.1 (33.4, 44.9) | 265 | 32.8 (27.2, 38.5) | ||
Change |  | 23.2 (16.8, 29.6) |  | 1.2 (−7.4, 9.9) | 22.0 (11.2, 32.8) | |
9. Treadmill walking practice†| Pre | 151 | 2.7 (0.1, 5.2) | 118 | 6.8 (2.2, 11.3) |  |
Post | 143 | 1.4 (−0.5, 3.3) | 135 | 5.2 (1.4, 8.9) | ||
Change |  | −1.3 (−4.5, 2.0) |  | −1.6 (−7.5, 4.3) | 0.3 (−6.4 7.1) | |
10. UE ROM and/or stretching (i.e. to prevent spasticity and contractures)*†‡§ | Pre | 647 | 12.7 (10.1, 15.2) | 193 | 21.8 (15.9, 27.6) |  |
Post | 276 | 21.4 (16.5, 26.2) | 265 | 25.3 (20.1, 30.5) | ||
Change |  | 8.7 (3.2, 14.2) |  | 3.5 (−4.3, 11.4) | 5.2 (−4.4, 14.7) | |
11. Interventions to prevent shoulder pain (i.e. sling)*‡§ | Pre | 647 | 25.0 (21.7, 28.4) | 193 | 25.4 (19.2, 31.5) |  |
Post | 276 | 25.7 (20.6, 30.9) | 265 | 21.1 (16.2, 26.1) | ||
Change |  | 0.7 (−5.5, 6.8) |  | −4.3 (−12.1, 3.6) | 4.9 (−5.1, 14.9) | |
12. Task-specific training (i.e. self-care tasks)*†‡§ | Pre | 647 | 28.9 (25.4, 32.4) | 193 | 37.3 (30.5, 44.1) |  |
Post | 276 | 40.9 (35.1, 46.8) | 265 | 43.4 (37.4, 49.4) | ||
Change |  | 12.0 (5.3, 18.8) |  | 6.1 (−3.0, 15.2) | 6.0 (−5.4, 17.3) | |
13. Techniques to reduce hand edema*†§ | Pre | 151 | 7.3 (3.1, 11.4) | 118 | 10.2 (4.7, 15.6) |  |
Post | 143 | 5.6 (1.8, 9.4) | 135 | 8.9 (4.1, 13.7) | ||
Change |  | −1.7 (−7.3, 3.9) |  | −1.3 (−8.6, 6.0) | 0 (−9.6, 8.8) | |
14. Ice/heat or soft tissue massage for shoulder | Pre | 151 | 1.3 (−0.5, 3.2) | 118 | 8.5 (3.4, 13.5) |  |
Post | 143 | 2.8 (0.1, 5.5) | 135 | 5.2 (1.4, 8.9) | ||
Change |  | 1.5 (−1.8, 4.7) |  | −3.3 (−9.6, 3.0) | 4.8 (−2.3, 11.8) | |
15. FES for wrist/arm/shoulder*†| Pre | 151 | 2.0 (−0.2, 4.2) | 118 | 2.5 (−0.3, 5.4) |  |
Post | 143 | 1.4 (−0.5, 3.3) | 135 | 1.5 (−0.6, 3.5) | ||
Change |  | −0.6 (−3.5, 2.4) |  | −1.1 (−4.6, 2.4) | 0.5 (−4.1, 5.1) | |
16. Educate patient or caregiver on how to handle arm or shoulder*†‡ | Pre | 647 | 8.8 (6.6, 11.0) | 193 | 13.0 (8.2, 17.7) |  |
Post | 276 | 9.4 (6.0, 12.9) | 265 | 10.2 (6.5, 13.8) | ||
Change |  | 0.6 (−3.5, 4.7) |  | −2.8 (−8.8, 3.2) | 3.4 (−3.9, 10.6) | |
17. UE constraint-induced therapy | Pre | 151 | 4.6 (1.3, 8.0) | 118 | 10.2 (4.7, 15.6) | Â |
Post | 143 | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.1) | 135 | 4.4 (1.0, 7.9) | ||
Change |  | −3.9 (−7.6, −0.3) |  | −5.7 (−12.2, 0.8) | 1.8 (−5.6, 9.2) | |
18. Visual imagery to enhance arm recovery‡ | Pre | 151 | 2.7 (0.1, 5.2) | 118 | 5.1 (1.1, 9.1) |  |
Post | 143 | 6.3 (2.3, 10.3) | 135 | 5.2 (1.4, 8.9) | ||
Change |  | 3.6 (−1.1, 8.4) |  | 0.1 (−5.4, 5.6) | 3.5 (−3.7, 10.8) | |