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Table 2 Vulnerabilities Experienced by Each Clinic

From: Implementation science for ambulatory care safety: a novel method to develop context-sensitive interventions to reduce quality gaps in monitoring high-risk patients

Vulnerability from Specialty Clinician Perspective

# of Clinics Experiencing

Clinic (X = experienced)

Classified by Framework Domaina

B

P

GI

E

U

Work System: Task

 Have to track some patients in own mind or side system

5

X

X

X

X

X

 Creating list of patients requiring monitoring takes time

5

X

X

X

X

X

 Looking up each patient’s information takes time

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Maintaining list of patients requiring monitoring takes time

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Outside of visit-based care, don’t always know when patients need follow-up monitoring

4

X

X

 

X

X

 Manually monitoring patients is time intensive

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Don’t always know which patients need to be called back for monitoring

3

 

X

 

X

X

 Have to spend too much time scheduling

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Manually monitoring patients is error-prone

2

   

X

X

Work System: Technology and Tools

 Analyzing data in ad hoc manner is time intensive

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Inefficient system to create personal, siloed reminders for follow-up

4

 

X

X

X

X

 List of patients we use outdates quickly

3

  

X

X

X

 Can’t divert alerts to other providers

3

 

X

X

X

 

 Analyzing data in ad hoc manner is error-prone

3

 

X

 

X

X

 Don’t always know when patient data is missing

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Can’t find missing data from outside clinic

1

   

X

 

 Don’t always want alert when patient status changes

1

    

X

 Don’t have adequate real-time data

1

   

X

 

 Can’t edit patient’s care pathway as needed based on frontline data

1

 

X

   

 Can’t find missing data within clinic

1

   

X

 

Work System: Organization

 Systems don’t talk to each other

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Don’t have a system that puts patients into subgroups for more efficient monitoring

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Can’t share patient list with entire care team

3

 

X

 

X

X

 Don’t always have the time to perform the assigned role

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Hard to stratify patients into subgroups for monitoring due to many individual patient differences

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Care plan is poorly documented

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Don’t know what types of scheduling challenges occur most often

1

   

X

 

Work System: People

 Overlapping efforts

4

X

 

X

X

X

 Don’t always know when the loop closes

3

  

X

X

X

 Everyone inputs data differently

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Knowing who is managing at each stage is unclear

2

   

X

X

 Mapping patient to care plan requires clinical judgment

2

 

X

 

X

 

Work System: Environment

 Coordinating scheduling efforts across care teams is difficult

3

 

X

 

X

X

 Little or no performance data about monitoring so don’t know where to focus any improvement efforts

3

X

X

 

X

 

 Stretched for resources to reach out to all patients in need of follow-up

3

 

X

X

X

 

 Unaware of clinic’s performance in patient monitoring

2

X

  

X

 

Process: System-Patient Interaction

 Don’t know when patient misses appointment

4

 

X

X

X

X

 Don’t always know when patient doesn’t have PCP

4

X

X

 

X

X

 Don’t always know patient’s vulnerabilities relevant to monitoring (e.g. patient’s work schedule, can’t get to clinic, substance abuse)

3

 

X

 

X

X

 Difficulty communicating patient needs with entire care team

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Don’t know when patient changes status

2

 

X

 

X

 

Process: System-Provider Interaction

 Inconsistent process for informing PCP

3

 

X

 

X

X

 Can’t use patient data for operational improvement

2

 

X

 

X

 

 Involving PCP when not necessary

1

X

    

Process: Patient-Provider Interaction

 PCP doesn’t have overview of all patient info/care pathway

3

 

X

 

X

X

  1. aAdapted from the National Academy of Medicine Improving Diagnosis Framework, 2015 and Sarkar et al’s System-related Factors, 2014 to classify each reported vulnerability into Work System versus Process, as well as subdomains of these two framework categories [1, 60]
  2. Legend: Clinics designated as B = Breast, P = Pulmonary, G = GI, E = Ear Nose and Throat, U = Urology