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Table 2 Primary outcomes of the identified studies and the reported effect size

From: A systematic review of electronic audit and feedback: intervention effectiveness and use of behaviour change theory

Study ID

Intervention sample size; control sample size

Outcome of interest

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Linder et al. 2010 [38]

I: 258 clinicians;

C: 315 clinicians

(1) Antibiotic prescribing rate for acute respiratory infection

0.97 (0.92–1.03)

Peiris et al. 2015 [41]

I: 19385 patients;

C: 19340 patients

(1) Patients who received appropriate screening of cardiovascular risk factors by the end of study

1.47 (1.41–1.53)

I: 5335 patients;

C: 4846 patients

(2) Prescription rate of recommended medications for high-risk cohort

1.25 (1.16–1.35)

Thomas et al. 2007 [39]

I: 252 patients;

C: 231 patients

(1) Diabetes care metrics for all participating residents’ patients at study inception and completion including haemoglobin monitoring in the prior 6 months

1.72 (1.20–2.47)

(2) Diabetes care metrics for all participating residents’ patients at study inception and completion lipid monitoring in the prior 12 months

1.75(1.18–2.59)

Carlhed et al. 2006 [34]

I: 3786 patients;

C: 2940 patients

(1) Lipid-lowering therapy at discharge

3.26 (2.49–4.27)

(2) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors at discharge

10.08 (7.31–13.90)

(3) Clopidogrel at discharge

1.96 (1.77–2.18)

(4) Heparin or low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) during hospitalisation

3.47 (2.89–4.16)

(5) Performed coronary angiography (or, for hospitals lacking in-house coronary angiography, referral to another hospital)

3.05 (2.57–3.63)

Guldberg et al. 2011 [36]

I: 1196 patients;

C: 1050 patients

(1) Haemoglobin measurement sustained

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

I: 121 patients;

C: 91 patients

(2) Haemoglobin measurement initiated if no measurement at baseline

0.77 (0.45–1.33)

I: 1109 patients;

C: 887 patients

(3) Cholesterol measurement sustained

1.74 (1.35–2.24)

I: 208 patients;

C: 258 patients

(4) Cholesterol measurement initiated if no measurement at baseline

2.07 (1.38–3.12)

Carney et al. 2011 [33]

I: 23 radiologists:

C: 9 radiologists

(1) Mean recall rates at time T1(0–9 months)

1.12 (1.00–1.27)

(2) Mean recall rates at time T2(9–18 months)

1.10 (0.96–1.25)

Gude et al. 2016 [35]

I: 7341 patients;

C: 4591 patients

(1) Complete data on psychological functioning

1.07 (0.46–2.5)

I: 7341 patients;

C: 4591 patients

(2) Complete data on social functioning

7.95 (0.54–116.3)

I: 7341 patients;

C: 4591 patients

(3) Complete data on lifestyle factors

1.11 (0.45–2.75)

I: 4934 patients;

C: 4071 patients

(4) Disease specific education completeda

0.57 (0.31–1.06)

I: 5580 patients;

C: 4591 patients

(5) Lifestyle modification programme completeda

1 (0.48–2.04)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(6) Improved quality of live after CR

0.99 (0.84–1.19)

I: 7341 patients;

C: 4591 patients

(7) Successful smoking cessation

1.02 (0.86–1.2)

I: 7341 patients;

C: 4591 patients

(8) Patients receive a discharge letter with remaining lifestyle goals

0.87 (0.27–2.81)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(9) Complete data on physical functioning

1.32 (0.45–3.84)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(10) Complete data concerning cardiovascular risk factors

1.2 (0.65–2.23)

I: 2922 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(11) Exercise training completeda

1.64 (0.57–4.71)

I: 4071 patients;

C: 4898 patients

(12) Relaxation and stress management training completeda

0.44 (0.14–1.41)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(13) Cardiovascular risk factors evaluated at discharge

1.22 (0.4–3.76)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(14) Improvement in exercise capacity

0.86 (0.69–1.07)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(15) Successful work resumption

1.04 (0.86–1.24)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(16) Moderately active lifestyle norm met at discharge

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

I: 4591 patients;

C: 7341 patients

(17) Vigorously active lifestyle norm met at discharge

0.88 (0.74–1.04)

  1. Note: I intervention arm, C control arm. aExcluded centres with incomplete data for this outcome